A BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY

Good day!

I trust you all are doing great indeed!

I want to use this opportunity to talk to you guys on a business opportunity. 

I believe most of us are asking this question,  What do I do now that I am a graduate or what do I do to earn a living? Should I look for a job? Should I start a business? Where do I get the money to start or where do I find a job in this economic meltdown/recession that most organizations are laying off staff.

Here is the good news!

I am introducing two great opportunities that I have tested and found them great for you to try.

1.       BITOIN AND ZARFUND

2.       GET HELP WORLD WIDE

I will talk about the option 2.  Get Help Worldwide (GHW) is not MMM you all have tested or must have heard about that froze people money.  Get Help World Wide has seen the flaws in MMM and has built a more solid system/program with a Going Concern in mind.

We all know what Going Concern is? A Going Concern in business means that that business has no intention of winding up.

THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR 1980 TO 1998)

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The eruption of most territorial conflicts around the world generally stems from ideological or religious differences, nationalism, colonialism, politics and competition for natural resources. While some easily degenerate into prolonged conflicts or wars that eventually involve the use of heavy weaponry, others get settled through diplomatic moves, coercion by the international agencies or agreements Nwolise, (2004). 

 From December 1989, Liberia was engulfed in a brutal civil war. The war led to the overthrow and assassination of the government of Master Sergeant Samuel Doe, who had himself come to power in a bloody military coup d’etat in April 12, 1980. The conflict led to the flight of refugees to neighboring countries like Sierra Leone, Guinea (Conakry) and Cote d’Ivoire and later to other countries in the sub region like Ghana, Nigeria and the Gambia. Apart from these, a large number of Liberians were internally displaced by the conflict.

 Peacekeeping and conflict resolutions has its origin in the United Nations and since its inception, the United Nations has developed a number of instrument for controlling and resolving conflicts between and within states Akabogu, Chike (2009).

PROMOTING TAX COMPLIANCE AND REVENUE GENERATIONS THROUGH EFFECTIVE TAX AUDIT (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE SERVICE)

  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background to the Study

The development of any nation depends to a large extend on the amount of revenue generated and applied by the government on public infrastructure for the benefits of members of that society. According to Appah (2010), the development of any nation depends on the amount of revenue generated by the government for the provision of infrastructural facilities. However, the revenue and expenditure gap (R

Osiegbu, Onuorah and Nnamdi (2010), the complains of the government in Nigeria is that the statutory allocation to the various tiers of government is not enough to carry out effective administration as well as finance capital projects. Kiabel and Nwokah (2009) reported that the increasing coast of running government organizations coupled with dwindling revenue has left various government organizations in Nigeria with formulating strategies to promote and improve the revenue base. Hence, one very important strategy that can be applied to increase the revenue base of both federal and state governments in Nigeria is the promotion of Tax Compliance and Revenue Generation through effective Tax Audi in Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) for the citizens of Nigeria.

THE EFFECTS OF TAX EVASION AND TAX AVOIDANCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

 CHAPTER ONE

                                                                   INTRODUCTION

1.1.            BACK GROUND TO THE STUDY

The essence of economic development is to enable the citizens of a Country to be free from poverty. In Nigeria it is vital and necessary to create citizens’ freedom from poverty, corruption, poor governance, illiteracy, bad health etc. It means developing the economic wealth of Nigerians to improve the quality of life. Economic development is influenced by certain factors which include; natural Resources and proper utelisation, capital and Economic stability. These are all referred to as economic factors. Others are literary level of labour and physical amenities such as Roads, hospitals etc which are regarded as Social factors. Political factor which involve government is part of them. This is the policy framework and environment which makes it favourable for economic development. The policy framework and peaceful environment which include laws and implementation is a key function of government. To carry out this function, the finance of government needs to be strengthened. In Nigeria, the major source of government revenue is from crude oil. Unfortunately, the price of oil is experiencing a downward trend. In view of this, there is a need to strengthen revenue through taxation. 

MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND BUSINESS CYCLES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

                                             CHAPTER ONE

                                            INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background

Not until the events of late 1920s in the United States of America (USA) and indeed the industrial world, characterized by the Great Depression, macroeconomics, as a branch of economics was non-existent by that title. Before then, it was the world of microeconomics and the classical economists and business cycle was seen as a normal fact of life.  Expected to re-occur periodically (say in every seven or eight years) no attempt was made to curtail business cycles by way of stabilization policies.  The events of the 1930s provoked a wave of new thinking.

By the mid-1940s, Keynes and Keynesian school of thought had fully emerged, providing alternative explanations to economic phenomena. Consequently, economists no longer viewed business cycles as a normal fact of life.  To the Classical economists fluctuations are real essence of a market economy.  Thus, if there is disequilibrium between demand and supply, self-correcting forces will naturally evolve to stabilize the market.  Government, in this case, need not intervene.

The Keynesians, on the other hand, were of the view that fluctuations caused by supply-demand disequilibrium could be and should be controlled.  They pointed out that business cycle characterized by expansions and contractions “are symptoms of underlying problems of the economy which should be dealt with”. By similar positions, macroeconomics found its feet in the annals of economists.  Today it has become the theoretical and practical response to the problem of inflation, unemployment, growth and business cycle.  Consequently, business cycle became an issue, both in theoretical and empirical terms.

To date literature on business cycle is abundant.  But modern business cycle research is due to the path breaking paper of Kydland and Prescott (1982).  According to Rebelo (2005: 2), three revolutionary ideas were associated with that paper. They are that:

“…business cycle can be studied using dynamic general equilibrium models.  These models feature atomistic agents who operate in competitive markets and form rational expectations about the future.  The second idea is that it is possible to unify business cycle and growth theory by insisting that business cycle models must be consistent with the empirical regularities of long-run growth.  The third idea is that we can go way beyond the qualitative comparison of model properties with stylized facts that dominated theoretical works in macro economics before 1982”.

Beyond these revolutionary ideas, another major contribution of Kydland and Prescott (KP) paper is that supply-side shock due to technological advances are the driving force behind business cycles rather than variations in demand.   It is apposite to point out that KP (1982) model is recognized and classified as a real business cycle (RBC) model.  And in the class of business cycle research, RBC has received much attention.  The RBCs are models of business cycles that explain cycles as fluctuations in potential output.  The development of such a model is in response to the disillusion with the Keynesian consumption function or even the IS-LM framework described as being too simplistic as to take care of the dynamics underlying macroeconomics particularly intertemporal substitutions and uncertainties.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN IDPS CAMPS: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY,NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

                                                                         Introduction

1.1       Background of the Study

Boko Haram a terrorist sect which started in north-eastern city of Maiduguri in Nigeria, around 2002 had its official group name as Jama’atuAhlissunnaLidda’awatiWal-jihad which in Arabic means people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teaching an d Jihad, but residents in the north eastern city of Maiduguri, where the sect had its headquarters dubbed at Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the region’s hausa language which means western education is forbidden. Any write up about this sect will never be complete without mentioning its founding leader Mohammed Yusuf who was killed in Police custody in 2009.(Walker,2012)

Since the Sokoto caliphate, which ruled parts of what is now northern Nigeria, Niger and Southern Cameroon, fell under British control in 1903, there has been resistance among some of the areas muslin to western education.

Against this background, charismatic muslin cleric Mohammed Yusuf formed Boko Haram in Maiduguri in 2002. He set up a religions complex which included a mosque and an Islamic school.

Many poor muslin families from across Nigeria, as well as neighbouring countries enrolled their children at the school. But Boko Haram was not only interested in education, its political goals was create an Islamic state, and the school became a recruiting ground for Jihads.(Adesoji,2011:99-119).

In 2009, Boko Haram carried out a spate of attacks on police stations and other government buildings in Maiduguri Capital of Borno state, which led to a shoot-out on Maiduguri’s street. Hundred of Boko Haram supporters were killed and thousands of resident fled the city.

INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL MAPPING AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON STUDENTS ENROLLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

  CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

The search for efficient, effective mapping and instructional materials to students in secondary schools has always been a major concern. This is so as a result of repeated mass failure recorded in West African Senior Secondary School Examination (WASSCE) Adedeji (2011). Among other factors that could be responsible for this failure, are lack mapping and instructional materials which definitely have significant influence or role to play in teaching and learning processes Oyeniran (2013).

Mapping and instructional materials were defined by different authors - instructional materials could be explained as devices through which knowledge, skills, attitude, ideas, beliefs and values got transmitted to the learner by the teacher in order to ease teaching and learning process Ahmed (2013).

Mapping on the other hand, is a powerful but simple way of using diagrams to show information that will aid quick understanding. Mapping makes it easy to understand, remember, and communicate complex information Afolabi (2007). Sometimes the brain feels as if it is scrambled because of information overload, overwhelm, or ineffective use of the brain, this leads to;

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL TRAINING AND SOCIO ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS IN FACULTY OF ARTS AND EDUCATION LEAD CITY UNIVERSITY IBADAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Entrepreneurial training remains a pivot upon which the wheels of the society revolve. Aladekomo, (2004) defined training as the process of learning to live as a useful and acceptable member of the society. From this definition, it is obvious that the essence of training is functionality.  Entrepreneurial training emphasized on acquisition of appropriate skills and the development of mental, physical and social abilities and competencies as equipment for the individual to live in and contribute to the development of the society Ariyo, (2005).

The essence of entrepreneurial  training programme is to ensure that relevant knowledge, skills and attitude needed for students socio economic development is achieved. The inability of the graduates to contribute meaningfully to the economic development of the nation by being self-employed was what informed the introduction of Entrepreneurial training and  education in schools Maria M (2010). The relationship between entrepreneurial training and socio economics development of students in faculty of arts and education cannot be overemphasized as the call for the introduction of Entrepreneurship training  is an indication of its importance in the students socio economic development, empowerment and job creation in particular Onyeachu, (2008). 

THE IMPLICATION OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN FCT: A CASE STUDY OF KUCHIGORO IDP CAMP

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Boko Haram is an Islamic extremist group which according to Onuoha, (2012), literally means "western education is forbiden, and which, according to Walker, (2012) had been referred to as the Nigerian Taliban.  It had its official group name as Jama’atuAhlissunnaLidda’awatiWal-jihad which in Arabic means people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teaching and Jihad around 2002.

Although the Boko-Haram sect has operated with different names, their basic ideological mission has consistently been to impose a strict Islamic Sharia law in Nigeria (Onuoha, 2012; Walker, 2012). Furthermore, the nature of their activities have left people confused on its true objective as they kill both Christians and Muslims Galadima & Aluaigbe, (2015).

Boko Haram has its origin from Maiduguri, Borno State of the North Eastern Nigeria, as a fanatic Islamic movement and later spread to other northern states (Walker, 2012; Shuaibu, Salleh, & Shehu, 2015).  It is not clear when the activity of the Sect started Okoro, (2014).  But however, scholars traced its early start to the time of the radical Maitatsine movement between the 1970s and 1980s in Kano, which basically existed as a religious fanatic group (Akpomera & Omoyibo, 2014; Rogers, 2012).

The activities of the Boko Haram sect have also been traced to a more recent time in 2002, when Mohammed Yusuf, instituted an Islamic sect which became more attractive to the poor and unemployed Muslims of the state and nearby countries (Onuoha, 2012; Walker, 2012).

The sect believes that the Nigerian state has failed as a result of the looming political and economic corruption, social insecurity, poverty, injustice, and relative deprivation; which is influenced by westernization (Onuoha, 2012; Roger, 2012). Consequently, they excluded themselves from the `corrupt society' to enable them to attract membership through radicalization, and then, come back to violently establish `pure' Islamic State (Walker, 2012; Onuoha, 2012; Campbell; 2014).  Thus, they attracted some students from Borno and Yobe states, who withdrew from school, tore their certificates, and joined in the fight to establish a pure Islamic state (Meagher, 2014; Walker, 2012).

THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR 1980 TO 1998)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The eruption of most territorial conflicts around the world generally stems from ideological or religious differences, nationalism, colonialism, politics and competition for natural resources. While some easily degenerate into prolonged conflicts or wars that eventually involve the use of heavy weaponry, others get settled through diplomatic moves, coercion by the international agencies or agreements Nwolise, O. (2004). 

From December 1989, Liberia was engulfed in a brutal civil war. The war led to the overthrow and assassination of the government of Master Sergeant Samuel Doe, who had himself come to power in a bloody military coup d’etat on April 12, 1980. The conflict led to the flight of refugees to neighboring countries like Sierra Leone, Guinea (Conakry) and Cote d’Ivoire and later to other countries in the sub region like Ghana, Nigeria and the Gambia. Apart from these, a large number of Liberians were internally displaced by the conflict.

Peacekeeping and conflict resolutions has its origin in the United Nations and since its inception, the United Nations has developed a number of instrument for controlling and resolving conflicts between and within states Akabogu, Chike (2009).

The most crucial among them as in the Secretary General’s supplement to an agenda for peace is: peace building; disarmament; sanction; and peace enforcement.   The United Nations does not claim monopoly of these instruments. It is pertinent to state that in many instances, the instruments have been usefully employed by regional organizations, ad-hoc groups of the states or by individual states.

APPRAISAL OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN NIGERIA BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND BANK)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Before the emergence of modern banking system, banking operation was manually done which lead to a slow down in settlement of transactions. This manual system involves posting transactions from one ledger to another which human handles. Figures or counting of money which should be done through computers or electronic machine were computed and counted manually which were not 100% accurate thereby resulting to human errors. Most bank then use only one computer in carrying out transactions which ameliorate the sluggish nature of banking transaction.

Nigeria do not embrace electronic banking early compared to developed countries. Nigeria adopted electronic banking system in the early 2000s.  During the introduction of electronic banking system, the use of raw cash was said to have bred corruption through the “cash and carry syndrome” usually linked with the swift movement of Ghana-must go” bags by some politicians. Such bags as some analyst say, are a major source of corrupt practices as dubious persons seeks to bribe their way to avoid been checked in some sensitive areas or places in a corrupt society.

Since electronic banking started in all Nigeria banks, it has been a woe for civil servants; checks show that some staff in establishments such as the national boundary commission for instance, are yet to receive their salaries for the previous months as efforts to electrically transfer salaries into their account have failed according to Ibrahim, D. (2009).

ROLE OF SALES PROMOTION IN INCREASING REVENUE THE CASE STUDY OF THE TELEPHONY INDUSTRY IN KUMASI METROPOLIS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Sales promotion activities are a form of direct advertising designed to stimulate sales mainly by the use of incentives. To embark on any sales promotion, a sales promotion programme must first be developed. This is then pre-tested and then implemented. When the promotion ends the results are evaluated or assessed.

 

Sales promotion programmes are developed taking into consideration the size of the incentive to be used, condition for participation, how to promote and distribute the programme itself, the length or duration of promotion and sales promotion budget. Sales promotions are pre-tested on a limited basis in selected geographical areas. This is done to find out if the sales promotion tools are appropriate and of the right incentive size. Implementation of promotion is done by formulating plans to cover lead-time (time needed to prepare programme before launching it) and self off time (time from the launch to the end of a promotion).

 

Evaluation of sales promotion could be done by checking on dealers stock-levels or interviewing a sample of consumers in the target market. However, the most popular method of evaluation is to compare sales and or market share before, during and after a promotion. Sales promotion supports other sales efforts and thus plays an important role in the total promotion mix; hence it must be used well.

DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT IN NIGERIA (1985 - 2011)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background of the Study

The Nigeria economy has witness a slow pace growth of less  5 percent in the decades. Various reasons have been advanced to this development but the most apparent have been poor investment climate in the economy and this has been attributed to the low available investable funds.

The stimulation of sustained economy growth requires a balance investment in physical and financial assets human and social capital as well as natural and environmental capitals.

Nigeria has been classified as low saving and even lower investment economy (Ajakaiye 2002) one of the principal objectives of the Nigerian government under the 1999 democratic dispensation is fostering of sustained economic growth. Over the years, the government has been in the driver’sseatingrowth the government economy. But lessons of experience have shown that government cannot regulate the economy effectively. A typical example has been the shift under the National economic empowerment and development strategy (NEEDS) which has recommended the need to restructure and deepen the financial system. Some economist like Mc Kinnon and Shaw (1973) said that rising investment alone is not sufficient enough to bring about growth and the role of financial institutions is very vital. In particular the new express of that the role of capacity fund is very critical to the success of any endeavor (World Bank 1998). In this regards, it is therefore important to investment the determinants to investment in economy in the past three decades.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON NIGERIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH (1981 –2010)

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter two of this work is divided into theoretical and empirical literature. Theoretical literature has the various economic theories is saying about government spending while the empirical literature tries to capture the opinion of the various contemporary research in the same subject matter.

2.1  THEORETICAL LITERATURE

Economic policy makers are divided as to whether government expenditure helps or hinders economic growth. JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES argues that government spending particularly increase government expenditure boosts economic growth by injecting purchasing power into the economy. The opposite view maintains that government consumption crowds out private investment, dampers economic stimulus in the short-run and reduces capital accumulation in the long-run. The nation and impact of government expenditure however, depends on its form. In (1994) outlines some important says in which government can increase growth. These include provision of public goods and infrastructures, social service and targeted intervention (such as export subsidies). On the other hand, government taxation may induce miscalculation of resources public goods may be provided inefficiently. The public sector may engage in excessive or unproductive expenditure and government indeed distortion may have disseminative effect.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL SEX WORK AMONG GIRLS (A STUDY OF YOUTHS IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

CHAPTER ONE:

 INTRODUCTION

 

1.1              Background of the Study

Commercial sex is basically sex for money. It is not restricted to any culture, its global and it transcends all age barriers as some cases girls as young as eight years are involved. Commercial sex has evolved over the last two decades, (National Behaviour Survey 2004). According to the National Behaviour Survey (2004), commercial sex work has indeed become complex in different ways as there are male sex workers in Nigeria who have sex with men for commercial reasons and there is an organization0 that support them which based in Ibadan, Oyo state. Commercial sex has particularly taken a worrisome and indeed despicable turn on the continent through traffic human right and these have become major issues in West Africa (Human Right

Action, 1997). In recent time, commercial sex has become a lucrative business in  Nigeria especially among the youths (Ikpe, 2008).

Research has it that, 31% of sex workers are students particularly in Nigeria institutions (Onah, 2000). Onah (2000), is of the view that, there are different forms of sex workers, those that stay in the brothels, those that stand on the road side, those that operate from home etc.

Furthermore, sex work has now become an occupation especially for the girls in countries like Netherland, Brazil, Norway etc, sex work serves as one of the sources of revenue for government, hence, taxes are paid to the government (Aday, 1990). Aday further says that, sex workers face systematic discrimination throughout the world and are therefore, at risk of variety of abuses, these include police extortion, arbitrary detention and other. Violations of their human and labour rights which in some cases even amount to slavery.

BUDGETARY AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL PROCESS IN A MANUFACTURING: CASE OF GUINNESS NIGERIAN PLC.

CHAPTER ONE:

 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Traditional budgeting has been criticized for a long time now for its inadequacy as a means of management control. Criticisms concerning its inadequate practices in a changing business environment emerged as early as the mid 1980’s with Johnson and Kaplan (1987) seminal book Relevance Lost.

We could also note from the work of Allen (1998) who stated that the rapid changes in today’s business environment renders a rigid approach to budgetary control obsolete. It is no longer helpful, in his opinion, to compare actual results to that forecasted anything up to 15 months previously. He argues that amongst the requirements of a more appropriate system, would be the building in of accountability to explain the differences between actual and planned performance. This demands a more immediate time frame of information reporting. Thus, there is a need to integrate strategic management and budgeting. We could point out the works of C. Adams et al (2003) to this regard.

These authors conceptualized that to be effective, budgets must be aligned with the organization’s strategies, appropriate strategic planning, and performance management processes introduced, and must involve processes that are value based, consequential and continuous.

The work of Tim Blumentritt (2006) could be viewed as further contributions to the above stand point as he recognizes the need for organizations to integrate strategic management and budgeting. What seems rather unfortunate according to Tim Blumentritt (2006) is the fact that most organizations still treat the budgeting and strategic management processes separately and also, a significant portion of small- and medium-sized enterprises do not engage in strategic planning (Tim Blumentritt 2006, p.74).

Hence, the reason for this research work which is to investigate the question; “what is the budgeting practice in Nigerian manufacturing company?” The motivation for this study also comes from the work of Herath and Indriani (2007) who investigated on the “roles of Budgetary Control System (BCS) as a component of the Management Control System (MCS) in creating and sustaining competitive advantage” and came up with a positive conclusion.

THE EFFECTS OF TAX EVASION AND TAX AVOIDANCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

 CHAPTER ONE

                                                                    INTRODUCTION

1.1.            BACK GROUND TO THE STUDY

The essence of economic development is to enable the citizens of a Country to be free from poverty. In Nigeria it is vital and necessary to create citizens’ freedom from poverty, corruption, poor governance, illiteracy, bad health etc. It means developing the economic wealth of Nigerians to improve the quality of life. Economic development is influenced by certain factors which include; natural Resources and proper utelisation, capital and Economic stability. These are all referred to as economic factors. Others are literary level of labour and physical amenities such as Roads, hospitals etc which are regarded as Social factors. Political factor which involve government is part of them. This is the policy framework and environment which makes it favourable for economic development. The policy framework and peaceful environment which include laws and implementation is a key function of government. To carry out this function, the finance of government needs to be strengthened. In Nigeria, the major source of government revenue is from crude oil. Unfortunately, the price of oil is experiencing a downward trend. In view of this, there is a need to strengthen revenue through taxation. Taxation is one of the most important sources of revenue to the government, from the point of view of certainty and consistency (Aguolu, 2004). Owing to the inherent power of the government to impose taxes, the government is assured at all time of its tax revenue no matter the circumstances. Most developed countries have gotten this foresight while Nigeria gives less attention to tax. A research showed that in 2005, the average tax revenue to GDP ratio in the developed world was approximately 35%. In the less developed countries, it was equal to 15%, and in the poorest of these countries, the group of low income countries, tax revenue was just 12% of GDP (Clemens & Nadine, 2009).  Taxation is An imposed contribution by government on her subjects and companies to enable her finance or run public utilities and perform other social responsibilities (Adebisi & Gbegi , 2013). 

CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO CONTROLLER BASED SECURITY DOOR USING SMART CARD

             CHAPTER ONE

                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background to the Study

Creation of secured access path to offices, homes, hotels, industries etc. has been a successful discovery of man. As a result of this, it has been possible to create door/gates that are well secured using smart card.

Individuals are becoming more aware of the dangers/ risk associated with relying on keys or padlocks to provide security to unauthorized areas of their apartments. Fraudsters/criminals can forge keys or make master keys that will be used to break into such rooms or offices. To eliminate this insecure and old fashioned method, the use of password in doors/gates mechanism evolved. The development of single secret authentication such as password is an effective security control.

A long pass-word of more than ten characters that consists of random letters, numbers and special character can be very difficult to crack. Unfortunately, users cannot always remember the sort of pass-word, partly due to fundamental human limitations.

However, most security guidance recommends at least eight character random password. Because most users cannot commit eight character random password to memory and many attempt to write it down on a piece of paper which can be misplaced or seen by another person, while some users tend to choose easy to remember passwords such as 123‘ or shortcoming of a single secret authentication, creation of two factor authentication evolved.

MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL RECORDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OTUKPO EDUCATION ZONE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study

The school administrator has the responsibility of seeing to the smooth running of a school. The extent to which he succeeds in carrying out this responsibility depends on a number of factors and one of them has to do with the records that he is expected to keep. These records give a lot of information about the school that will enable him to take decisions and also assess the progress of the school. National policy on education requires that some of the records should be kept appropriately. FRN (2004) Different people such as the headmaster, the class teacher, and the local government education authority keep different records about the school.

School records are official documents, books and files containing essential and crucial information on actions and events which are kept and preserved in the school offices for utilization and retrieval of information when needed (Durosaro, 2002). Such records are kept by principals, teachers, counsellors are administrative staff. Some of the major school records include; students’ personal files, staff record book, the log book, visitors book and inventories book, among others. The purpose of record keeping and management is to ensure that accurate and proper records of students achievement and growth, information on school activities and matters that will promote efficiency and effectiveness of the school system are kept, among others.

According to Durosaro (2002), records are important tools for effective planning and administration of a school. School records occupy strategic position in the effective and efficient organization and administration of the school. It helps for effective planning and implementation of appropriate course of actions, thereby introducing proper monitoring of school activities tasks.