IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background to the Study

Nigeria is a large multi-ethnic country where intra-ethnic cleavages remain a critical problem and ethnic militancy has erupted periodically. Ethnic militancy in Nigeria have its roots in ethnic violence which included: Ife-Modakeke Crisis in Osun State in 1834; Yoruba-Hausa Clashes in Sagamu in 1999, Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika Conflict in Rivers State in 2012; Zango-Kataf in Kaduna State in 1992; Tiv-Jukun in  Wukari, Taraba State in 1989; Ogoni-Adoni in 1993-1994 in Rivers State; Chamba-Kuteb in Taraba State in 1991;  Itsekiri-Ijaw/Urhobo in Delta State in 1997; Aguleri-Umuleri in Anambra State in 1995; Ijaw-Ilaje  conflict in Ondo State in 1998; Basa-Egbura in Nassarawa State in 1998; Hausa/Fulani-Sawaya in Bauchi in 1948, 1959, 1977, 1991, 1995, 2001, 2005, 2010, 2011 and 2012 among others. These conflicts have provided a pattern that makes scholars to attribute their causes to greed, power and wealth distribution (Akinyele, 2003).

By 1999, various groups felt marginalised and formed militia bodies that fought along ethnic lines.The Odua People’s Congress (OPC) was put in place by the Yoruba in the south-western part of the country to fight for the protection and defence of Yoruba in Nigeria.

 In the eastern part was the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), fighting for secession of the Igbo ethnic tribe from the Nigeria.

In the north, the Arewa Peoples’ Congress was formed to defend the northerners and propagate Sharia law across the northern states. In the end, Nigeria became a hot-bet of militancy which challenged established national security of the country (Albert, 2004).   Thousands of militants, grouped under different names such as The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), the Ijaw Youth Council (lYC) and Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), and recently Niger Delta Avengers, etc, have over the years carried out multiple attacks on strategic oil and gas installations in the Niger Delta region. Niger Delta transverses nine of the thirty six states of Nigeria, namely: Abia, AkwaIbom, Bayelsa, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo, and Rivers (Obi, 2005). Most of the oil exploration so far had been at the core Niger Delta states of Beyelsa, Delta and Rivers. These three states had witnessed the major crises in the region. Thus, Warri city has one of the highest rate of militant attacks in Delta State due to the refinery and pipelines in the city (Imobighe, 2002).

Patterns of militant attacks on oil installations, hostage taking and direct confrontations with Nigerian security agencies have drawn both local and international attention to their deplorable situation through their restiveness.

The Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF), founded by Alhaji Mujahid Asari-Dokubo, and the Niger Delta Vigilante (NDV), created by Ateke Tom, led more than 100 other smaller armed groups to violently engage the Federal Government and multinational oil companies in a ‘war of attrition’(Ojakorotu & Olawale, 2009).

Asari’s NDPVF launched a series of attacks on oil wells and installations, disrupting oil production. The militant groups also attempted to control oil resources through oil bunkering, an exercise that involves tapping pipelines. All of these have had damaging effects on oil production in the region and eventually led to shutting down of the Warri refineries several times (Akpabio & Akpan, 2010).

Clearly, no militant group has ever emerged in a vacuum; there are dynamic  contexts—political,  social,  economic,  temporal,  spatial,  even religious—that must be taken into account. Thus, a considerable amount of emphasis is placed on identifying the array of environmental conditions and grievances among members of the local population that facilitated opportunities for internal militancy in Nigeria to muster support and orchestrate acts of political violence. The government of Nigeria has struggled to deal effectively with these grievances and sources of tension throughout the country, and there is a pervasive belief particularly among northern Nigerians that the government continually fails to address critical needs of those who aspire for a better future.

1. Discuss all the elements of strategic Human Resource management 2. Why is human resource management vertical in organizational success

INTRODUCTION

Greek word ‘strategos’ – generalship – the actual direction of military force as distinct from the policy governing it’s deployment. Literally therefore, the word strategy means the art of the general, but in business parlance, no definite meaning attached to strategy.  Strategic human resource management (strategic HRM) defines how the organization’s goals will be achieved through people by means of HR strategies and integrated HR policies and practices.

A strategy could be:

A plan or course of action or a set of decision rule making pattern or creating a common thread. The pattern or common threat related to the organization activities which are derived from the policies, objectives and goals.

FUNCTIONAL STRATEGY AREAS

 In business organizations, the identified functional strategy areas are:

Ø  Human Resource Management

Ø  Operations

Ø  Production

Ø  Finance

Ø  Research and Development

Ø  Marketing

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Human Resource Management known as personnel management deals with formal systems for managing people at work.  For that reason, it is one of the fundamental aspects of organizational and managerial life.

Your  first formal interaction  with an organization  you wish to join will likely  involve  some aspect of its human resource function; and throughout your career as a manager you will be part of, as well as be affected by your organization’s human resource management. Firms can create a competitive advantage when they possess or develop resources that are:

Ø  Valuable

Ø  Rare

Ø  Inimitable

Ø  Organized

THE STRATEGIC IMPART OF HUMAN RESOURCES:

Create Value

People can create value through their efforts to decrease costs or provide something unique to customers or some combination of the two

Empowerment programmes total quality initiatives and continuous improvement efforts such as Corning and Xerox are intentionally designed to increase the value that employees bring to the bottom line.

Is Rare

People are a source  of competitive advantage which their  skills, knowledge  and abilities are not equally available to all competition.  Top companies invest a lot to hire and train the best  and the brightest  employees to gain advantage  over their  competitors. 

-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON MONEY AND BANKING

1.                  What are the main factors that determine the interest rates payable to bank customers?

Answer:

The money which the customer deposit for the credit of his account is not held for the customer but borrowed from him with a promise to repay it or any part of it on demand.  Thus, it can be seen that the amount or volume of deposit will determine how much interest is paid to customer.

The Length of time – the customer decides to continue his contractual agreement with the bank i.e. continue to leave his money with the bank determines how much interest the banks would pay to the customer.

The nature of accounts: Customers who operate savings accounts are not likely to attar ts a high interest rate like customers who operates a fixed deports account.

2.                  List the characteristics and qualities of money and explain the differences.

Answer:

The following are characteristics or prosperities of good money.

a.       Acceptability of value – Money is accepted because a specific value has been conferred on it.  Money must posses the important quality of acceptability of value.

b.      Homogeneity – Money must be homogenous.  For example, N5 naira unit should be worth another N5 naira unit at all times and in all places within the geographical area of Nigeria.

c.       Portability:-Money should be easy to carry

d.      Durability:-Money should not be easily damaged or destroyed.

e.       Divisibility – Money should be divisible into smaller units without any loss in value.

f.       Stability of value -

3.                  What are the major ways banks use to generate income/profit?

Answer:

The two major functions of a commercials bank are the mobilisation of deposits and the extension of credits.  Banks act as financial intermediaries, collecting money-on deposit from one group and lending it out to another group. In this role, they are able to convert short-term deposits into long-term loans. 

4.                  What circumstances does a bank have a right to disclose information about a customer account to a third party?

Answer:

In Tournier v. National Provincial Bank (1923) case, it was clearly established that the banker is entitled to disclose information about his customer’s affairs in four instances only:

LECTURE NOTE: ENTREPRENEURSHIP SUMMARISED

For an entrepreneur to succeed, he needs to do a number of activities which include:

Creative thinking, making decision, bearing risks, creation of employment opportunities, marketing and innovation, management, planning and control etc.

PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC: -

Education, age, work history/experience

LIFE-PATH CIRCUMSTANCE:

-              Unsatisfactory work environment

-              Negative displacement

-              Career transition Point

-              Presence of Positive-Pull Influences

PERSONAL QUALITIES OF AN ENTREPRENEUR:

-              Self Confidence,

-              Originality,

-              Task Oriented,

-              Leadership,

-              Risk Taking,

-              Creativity etc.

FAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:

-              Adequate financing

-              Technically Skilled Labour Force

-              Accessibility of Suppliers

-              Accessibility of Customers or new markets

-              Accessibility of Land

-              Social Infrastructure

-              Transport

-              Road

-              Electricity

-              Water

-              Security etc.

THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON NIGERIA ECONOMIC GROWTH (1980-2010)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the Study

Agriculture  is  the  foundation  and  bedrock  upon  which the development of stable human community has depended on throughout the whole universe such as rural and urban communities. It is concerned with the husbandry of crops and animals for food and other purpose. The study of the history of economics provides us with ample evidence that can agricultural revolution is a fundamental pre-condition for economic development. The agricultural sector has the potentials to be the industrial and economic springboard from which a country’s development can take off than not, agricultural activities are usually concentrated in the less developed rural areas where there is a need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation and socio-economic development.

The agricultural sector has the potentials to shape the landscape, provide environmental benefits such as conservation, guarantee sustainable management of renewable natural resources, preserve biodiversity and contribute to the viability of rural areas development. Through its spheres of activities at both the macro and micro levels, the agricultural sector is strategically positioned to have a high multiplies and linkage effect on any nation’s quest-economic for and industrial socio development.

 The growth of the agricultural sector in Nigeria was not smooth. Anyanwu (1967) held that during the colonial period between 1861 to 1960, attention was given to agricultural research and extension services. Among the activities that were done was the establishment of a research station in Lagos by Sir Claude Mc.Donald in 1893: Landmark of 10.4 km was acquired by the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA) in 1899 for experimental purpose strictly for cotton and was named “Moor        PlantatioIbadan.In”1912,inthe Department of Agriculture was established in each of the then southern and Northern Nigeria, but the activities of the department were virtually suspended between 1912 and 1921 as a result of the First World War and its aftermath. The period between 1929 and 1945 was a difficult one for the agricultural sector of Nigeria. This was the period of great depression when the world princes on commodities fluctuated. This affected the agricultural sector negatively because the volume of agricultural product increased but the value did not increase proportionally.

THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CASE STUDY OF THE TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR IN NIGERIA (2000-1-2010-4)

CHAPTER ONE

                                                    INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background Of the Study

It takes little analysis to see that infrastructure plays a major role in the economy of a country, whether developing or developed. The need for good infrastructure management is of great importance to the economics of countries all over the world and the various sectors of the economy need to be understood. The world is fast becoming a global village and a necessary tool for this process is communication of which telecommunication is a key elements. Development in the telecommunication industry all over the world is very rapid as one innovation replaces another in a matter of weeks.

Nigeria is part of this race for rapid developments, as the years of economic reversal via mismanagement have had adverse effects ton its rate of growth and development.

The Nigeria telecommunications sector was grossly underdeveloped before the sector was deregulated under the military regime in 1992 and placed under the jurisdiction of the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC) since then, the NCC has issued various licenses to private telephone operators. These licenses allow private telephone operators (PTO) to roll out both fixed wireless telephone lines and analog mobile phones. The return of democracy in 1990 however paved the way for the granting of GSM licenses to three service providers, MTN, ECONET (which is now AIRTEL) and NITEL Plc in 2001 with GLOBACOM joining in 2003. Telecommunication is a major driver of any economy infrastructure which is therefore regarded as a vital instrument in ensuring economic development. Attention this work would be focused on this area of Endeavour, as it appears to be one of the most neglected areas of economic development goals in most countries today.

IMPACT OF CAPITAL MARKET ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In the last two decades, studies on the capital market have received considerable attention from contemporary finance and economics literature resulting from its role in the provision of long-term, nondebt financial capital which enables companies to avoid over-reliance on debt financing, thus improving corporate debt-to-equity ratio and also in the mobilization of resources for national growth.

According to Ndako (2010), the capital market is viewed as a complex institution imbued with inherent mechanism through which long-term funds of the major sectors of the economy comprising households, firms, and government are mobilized, harnessed and made available to various sectors of the economy. For sustainable economic growth, funds must be effectively mobilized and allocated to enable businesses and the economies harness their human, material, and management resources for optimal output.

Hence, the capital market is an economic institution, which promotes efficiency in capital formation and allocation. The capital market contributes to economic growth through the specific services it performs either directly or indirectly.

 Notable among the functions of the capital market are mobilization of savings, creation of liquidity, risk diversification, improved dissemination and acquisition of information, and enhanced incentive for corporate control. Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of these functions, through prompt delivery of their services can augment the rate of economic growth (Okereke-Onyiuke, 2000; Levine and Servos, 2006; Obadan, 2005; McKinnon, 2003).

The capital market is a highly specialized and organized financial market  and indeed essential agent of economic growth because of its ability to facilitate and mobilize saving and investment. To a great extent, the positive relationship between capital accumulation real economic growths has long affirmed in economic theories (Anyanwu, 2003).

AN ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTERNAL AUDIT ACCOUNTABILITY IN MINISTRIES/EXTRA-MINISTERIAL DEPARTMENT. (CASE STUDY OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL OF ENUGU STATE)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The purpose of the public sector can be viewed from two distinct and opposing perspectives: i) public sector exists to ensure equitable management and distribution of economic resources, and ii) public sector exists to provide limited range of goods and services to the populace (Guthrine, 1998; Minogrue, 2000).

The former (referred to as the traditional model of public sector management) placed emphasis on compliance with laid down rules, thus accountability (Guthrine, 1998; Owolabi, Ocansey, & Dada, 2013). This view is a contestable ideology as public sector practitioners (Morsen, 2008) and academics (Anessi-Pessina and Steccolimi, 2007) have argued that citizens’ expectations from the public sector is drifting from mere provision of services to good governance and efficiency in the provision of services (value for money). The desire to hold government accountable for results is becoming more prominent, thus, making the demand for quantitative and qualitative financial reports imperative for accountability.

In the same vein, accounting is viewed as the most critical system for maximising efficiency and minimising costs of public services (Andrews, 2002; Bruno, 2014; Jones & Browrey, 2013: Owolabi et al., 2013). Consequently, the existence and use of a good financial reporting system was regarded as key to achieving the objective of maximising efficiency in the public sector.

The imperatives of good governance demands timely reporting of the activities of government for the attainment of accountability and transparency. Audit reports keep the citizenry informed of the financial activities of the government. The auditor assesses the financial activities of the Government. The role of auditor in an economy is assurance of transparency and accountability (Adegoroye, 2008).

An audit ensures proper and effective use of public funds and the development of sound financial management. Effective operations of the functions of the Auditor –General provide the proper execution of administrative activities.  Moreover, the it is  in promoting accountability, sound financial management and the encouragement of sound internal control mechanism (Akenbor, C. & Oghoghomeh, 2011)..

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT OFFICE (DMO) IN NIGERIA

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Total Quality Management (TQM) has become a world-wide topic in this twenty-first century; this is based on the fact that total quality management is an enhancement to the traditional way of doing business. It is a proven technique to guarantee survival in world class competition. Only by changing the actions of management will the culture and actions of an organization be transformed. Total Quality Management (TQM) can be described as a combination of participatory management and team work, produce defect-free products or customer satisfaction. TQM can also be seen as the management method (quality oriented and customer-oriented method) which provides high of view. It is a proven technique to guarantee survival in world class competition.

Benson and Savaph (1991) assert that TQM involves the whole organisation, getting organized in every department, in every activity with every single person at every level. This involves putting in place, process and system which will ensure that every aspect of its activity is aligned to satisfying customer needs and the organisation’s objectives organisation to be fully effective, every single part of it must work properly together because every person and every activity affect and in turn is affected by others.

TQM is based on a set of principles that seek to increase stakeholders' satisfaction through best use of organizational resources. But the impact of each of quality management principles on organizational effectiveness is still debated. Several studies have investigated the impact

YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN KANO (2011-2015) A CASE STUDY OF TARAUNI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background of the Study:

Over the years, policy makers, economists, and stakeholders has been concerned on the persistent issues of unemployment due to the overwhelming effect of this occurrence on youth, economy and the nation at large.   In both the developing and developed countries, unemployment has been of immense challenge.  Despite the fact that it is a universal development, it happens frequently in developing nations with associated political, economic, social and of course emotional consequences.

The issue has been prevalent lately, cutting across all aspect of age group. It serves as one of the greatest challenges of the nation’s economic system today as the episode has continued in an alarming rate today in decades. Unemployment has thus reached such a frightening level today that is perhaps considered the most serious of the problems ravaging Nigeria and Kano State in particular; as well one that is progressively worsening as the gap  between the rapid rising group pressing for jobs and the new employment chance being created broadens.

The issue of unemployment amongst youth is very evident and  apparent in Kano state  and Nigeria at large. The national unemployment rates for Nigeria between 2000 to  2009 as stated by National Bureau of Statistics (2010), was ranked at a percentages of 31. 1% in 2000, 13. 6% in 2001, 12. 6% in 2002, 14. 8% in 2003, 13. 4% in 2004, 11. 9% in 2005, 13. 7% in 2006, 14. 6% in 2007, 14. 9% in 2008 and 19. 7% in 2009 with more than 20 million graduates unemployed in Nigeria. These detail don't depict our society in the positive way as regards to the employment of human resources because in a country like Britain 2% rate of unemployment of the labour force is considered very high (cited in Okafor, 2011).

It suffices to say that progressively,  the nation’s ability to employ its own population has diminished in spite of her vast natural resources. The level of unemployment continue to soar high on a upward trend each year, as opposed on its neighbours countries that  have less resources.

 As asserted by Anameza, (2000), Nigeria prospect about measurable development or for enhancing the welfare for its citizenry is in shambles unless it improves on massive employment for its graduates.  Continuously enhancing employment and productivity as reported by the World Bank (1993) has been cardinal to the performances of the so-called “Asian Tigers” and Japan.  It means that lack of aforementioned will definitely retard Nigeria chances.

This generally portrays that unemployment is influenced by a number of issues among which are corruption, fumble for resources, lack of political will and so on. As such, the escalating  rate of unemployment has negative effect on  youth from a wide range of socio- economic cluster for  both the educated and the less educated one and it has mainly stricken a considerable fraction of the youth from lowly backgrounds and less education within the societies and Kano state is not an exemption. The outcomes of unemployment can be so devastating to the extent to which it can cripple the economy of a state. It brings about low productivity, wastage of resources, youth violence and youth restiveness, which set the state background without feasible development.

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

            CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                                                                                 INTRODUCTION

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill acquisition programme designed for the tertiary institutions as a complementary programme to the theoretical education, laboratory and workshop practices engaged in by students in the tertiary institutions, which by industrial standards are inadequate to serve the practical needs of the industries.  Students are exposed to  industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.  The practices are to idealistic and therefore necessitate that the students be exposed to actual life practice, which is a far departure from academic instructional, laboratory and workshop practices.  The scheme also afford the student the opportunity to familiarize, expose to the needed experience in handling equipment and machineries that are not available in their institutions. 

Before the establishment of the scheme, it was a great concern that the industrialist and graduate of higher institutions lacked adequate practical background studies preparatory in employment in the industries. Thus, the theoretical education was not responsive to the need of the employer of labour.

It is against this background that the rationale for initiating and designing the scheme by industrial training fund during the formative year of 1973/74 was introduced to acquaint the students with the skills of handling the employer’s equipment and machinery.

The ITF has accepted the challenges to bridge the gap between theory and practice.  The SIWES programme was effectively taken over by the ITF in 1985 with funding being solely born by the federal government. 

WE ARE A VIRTUAL ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT

ABOUT US

Researchshelf is not a university, polytechnic neither is it college of education and we never intend to be one. 

Researchshelf is an international virtual academic environment built for students of higher institutions to boost their performance and also to assist researchers, readers and lecturers ease their research quest. 

We all know that Internet is a place most people roam in a never ending spiral without getting exactly what they want and as the proverbial saying goes, time and tide wait for no one. In view of this assertion, we have painstakingly carried out researches and still researching to shelf digital/e-content materials in their appropriate places and departments for students, lecturers, readers and other researchers to download, thus ease their stress of roaming online.  Therefore, researchshelf is a final bus stop for students, lecturers, researchers and readers to have all their academic and research needs met with little or no effort.

Putting into cognizance some online activities of students that reduce their learning abilities and performance all in the name of having fun, Researchershelf has integrated a community (virtual academic environment) whereby students and all interested participants can meet each other from all over the world and from various departments and institutions, brainstorming on academic issues and at the same time have fun through chats with emojis, online IQ test games thereby making learning fun and boosting performance.

Assignment: Case Study of Substantive Public Policies in Nigeria on Education

INTRODUCTION

Educational policy in Nigeria has passed through two significant stages, the colonial and post independence eras. In line with Millennium Development goals (MDGs), the Federal Government of Nigeria launched a new educational policy in 2004, which has among other features, the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme (Mkpa, 2008).

The Federal Government of Nigeria launched a new educational policy in 2004, which has among other features, the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme. The primary target of the UBE aspect of this new educational policy was ensuring that every Nigerian child acquires a minimum of 9 years basic education. Given the unstable and consequently unreliable socioeconomic realities in Nigeria, one cannot but wonder how far the UBE programme can go in meeting its target and achieving its set objectives. In every society, including the very advanced ones of Europe and America, education has remained the major social structure for capacity building. As such if Nigeria must compete favourably with other societies in today’s globalized world in the area of skilled manpower capable of effecting desired societal change, the issue of education must be accorded utmost priority. Given that basic education provides the foundation for any educational pursuit, it becomes necessary for the basic education programme to be given fundamental attention (Adenipekun, 2006).

Education is the process of acquiring new values and skills for the purpose of effective functioning in the society. It involves a pedagogical process, which if properly carried out should lead to the maturing of the person who has received it, to the extent that he is in a position to think and act meaningfully and in relevant interaction with members of society to their mutual benefit (Nwadiani, 2007).

OBJECTIVE OF THE POLICY

The major objective of the policy is to wipe out illiteracy and ensure the acquisition of functional skills for alleviation of poverty.

The specific objectives are as follow;

1.      Development in the entire citizenry a strong consciousness for education and a strong commitment to its vigorous promotion. -

2.      At the end of 9 years of continuous education, every child should have acquired appropriate and relevant skills and values and be employable in order to contribute his/her quota to national development. 

Assignment: Distinguish between a leader and a manager

INTRODUCTION

Katz, (2005).  defined the management as exercising direction of a group or organization through executive, administrative, and supervisory positions. Katz thought that management responsibilities are usually tasked-oriented, and it involves developing staff, mentoring persons with high potential, and resolving conflicts while maintaining ethics and discipline (Katz, 2005). Kappa (1991) states that the aim from a good management is to provide services to the community in an efficient and sustainable manner. Moreover, Kotter (2001), defined the management as a job which takes care of planning, organizing, budgeting, coordinating and monitoring activities for group or organization. Northouse (2007), defined the management as a process by which definite set objectives are achieved through the efficient use of resources.

Thus, Management in general is a process that is used to achieve organizational goals. Managers focus on formal directing and controlling of their assistants, resources, structures, and systems (Kotter, 2001). Managers aim to reach short term goals, avoid any risks, and establish standardization to improve efficiency (Kotterman, 2006). The employees follow a manager’s direction in exchange for being paid a salary, known as a transactional style (Kotter, 2001).

Research shows that being an effective manager depends upon three special skill sets: technical, human and conceptual. The technical skill refers to the proficiency in a specific type of work. This may include competencies within a specialized field, or the ability to use appropriate tools and techniques. Human skill refers to the ability to work with people, which allow a manager to assist group members to complete a task. Conceptual skill refers to the ability to work with ideas (Katz, 2005). In addition, an effective manager needs to have specific qualities like: good communication; organizational; negotiation; and delegation skills (Kappa, 2001).