INTRODUCTION
Katz,
(2005). defined the management as
exercising direction of a group or organization through executive,
administrative, and supervisory positions. Katz thought that management
responsibilities are usually tasked-oriented, and it involves developing staff,
mentoring persons with high potential, and resolving conflicts while
maintaining ethics and discipline (Katz, 2005). Kappa (1991) states that the aim
from a good management is to provide services to the community in an efficient and
sustainable manner. Moreover, Kotter (2001), defined the management as a job
which takes care of planning, organizing, budgeting, coordinating and monitoring
activities for group or organization. Northouse (2007), defined the management
as a process by which definite set objectives are achieved through the efficient
use of resources.
Thus,
Management in general is a process that is used to achieve organizational
goals. Managers focus on formal directing and controlling of their assistants, resources,
structures, and systems (Kotter, 2001). Managers aim to reach short term goals,
avoid any risks, and establish standardization to improve efficiency
(Kotterman, 2006). The employees follow a manager’s direction in exchange for
being paid a salary, known as a transactional style (Kotter, 2001).
Research
shows that being an effective manager depends upon three special skill sets:
technical, human and conceptual. The technical skill refers to the proficiency
in a specific type of work. This may include competencies within a specialized
field, or the ability to use appropriate tools and techniques. Human skill
refers to the ability to work with people, which allow a manager to assist
group members to complete a task. Conceptual skill refers to the ability to
work with ideas (Katz, 2005). In addition, an effective manager needs to have
specific qualities like: good communication; organizational; negotiation; and delegation
skills (Kappa, 2001).
Leadership
Leadership
is a complex, multidimensional phenomena (DePree, 2009). It has been defined
as: a behavior; a style; a skill; a process; a responsibility; an experience; a
function of management; a position of authority; an influencing relationship; a
characteristic; and an ability (Northouse, 2007). John Maxwell defined
leadership by influence (Maxwell, 2008).
Kotter
(2000) stated that “Leadership is the capacity for collective action to
vitalize”. Robert Greenleaf defined effective leadership as people who serve
others, while they follow them (Bennis and Nanus, 2007). Moreover, Peter Drucker
defined a leader as someone who has followers (Drucker, 1999).
However,
some theorists believe that leadership is a form of the social influence
processes (House and Aditya, 2007). Although there are a variety of leadership
definitions, the majority of definitions focused on two components which are:
the process of influencing a group of individuals to obtain a common goal; and
to develop a vision.
Leaders
focus on motivation, and inspiration (Kotter, 2000). Leaders aim to create
passion to follow their vision, to reach long term goals, take risks to
accomplish common goals, and challenge the current status quo (Bennis and
Nanus, 2007). The leader keeps an open eye on his followers’ benefits, so
people follow the leader voluntarily, and the leader directs the follower by
using a transformational style (Bass, 2000). Leaders should have some critical
qualities such as integrity; vision; toughness; decisive; trust; commitment;
selflessness, creativity; risk taking; toughness; communication ability, and
visibility (Capowski, 2004).
Moreover,
leaders should have charisma; a sense of mission; ability to influence people
in a positive environment; and ability to solve problems (House, 2007).
In
addition, research shows that being an effective leader depends upon common
behaviors and characteristics like: confidence; service mentality; good coaching
skills; reliability; expertise; responsibility; good listening skills; being visionary;
realistic; good sense of priorities; honesty; willingness to share; strong self-esteem;
technical or contextual, and recognition (Bennis and Nanus, 2007).
Manager
vs. Leader
Leader
and manager overlap, but they are not the same (Kotterman, 2006). Both leader
and manager involve influence, working with people, and working to achieve
common goals(The Guardian, 2013).However, the fields of a leader and manager
considered very different(Kotterman, 2006).
Katz
asserts that leader is some who is a multi-directional influence relation,
while a manager is a unidirectional authority relationship (Katz, 2005).
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