CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter,
related literature as this research study is concerned will be reviewed in the
following sub-headings; Conceptual Framework,
Empirical Review, Theoretical Framework, Research Gaps, Summary of Review.
This will serve as bases for the whole study i.e. some aspects to be reviewed
here will be used in analysing our data in chapter three.
2.2 Conceptual
Framework
The need to alleviate poverty, the scourge that
afflicts the society, with economic, social, political and environmental
deprivation, has been a source of concern to many Nigerians and particularly
the federal government of Nigeria. Alleviation refers to the art of making a
poor condition less severe or erasing a state of being poor. In African continent, poverty has a long
time-phenomenon that has been in existence as long as the continent itself.
National ravaged with poverty are referred to as developing, under-developed or
third-world countries.
The Western nations use literacy levels, infant
mortality and per capita income as the criteria for assessing African countries
(Nwosu, 2003).
Ojo, (2005). defines
poverty as a stale of inadequacy, deprivation, want deficiency, owning nothing
at all or having not enough for all the necessities of life, having too little
to live on.
Poverty is identified with material deprivation,
social exclusion, establishing emotions and dependency and political
powerlessness. It is associated with the individual or family inability to
acquire enough assets, income or public utilities, inadequate education and
negligible health service (Okenwa, 2009).
2.2.1 Dynamics of poverty
The poor are not a
single group with only a single problem of lack of money but poverty has many
dimensions –shortened lives, illiteracy, social exclusion and lack of materials
means to improve family circumstances (Ekwuruke, 2013). Further, these dimensions
can overlap in different combinations where for example men view poverty
different from women.
In Nigeria, poverty
sometimes, presents itself in a periodical manner. Poverty may be seasonal in
rural areas; lean periods and low income availability coincide with period of
endemic disease. Seasonal rains destroy rural roads and physically isolate the
rural poor from markets and essential services. Among the urban poor, times of
economic hardship fall at the middle of the month when salaried employees run
out of funds (Okorie, 2000).
Poverty can sometimes
be structural. It systematically excludes a portion of the population from full
national and social participation through hunger, inadequate income,
powerlessness, poor education and disease. For example, if a parent is poor,
the chances of the children becoming non poor are limited (Azuka, Nwosu,
Kanu, and Agomuo, 2006).
2.2.2 Education and Economic development
Education provides a
foundation for eradicating poverty and fostering economic development. It is
the groundwork on which much of economic and social well-being of the citizens
is built( Aja, 2010).
Education is the key to
increasing economic efficiency and social consistency, by increasing the value
and efficiency of the labour force and consequently raises the poor from
poverty. Education increases the overall productivity and intellectual
flexibility of the labour force and ensures that a country is competitive in
world market now characterized by changing technologies and production methods
(Odah, and Ogbaga, 2010).
No country has achieved
constant economic development without considerable investment in education and
human capital. Education probably the single most effective investment a
developing country like Nigeria can make (Etonyeaku and Anyanwu, 2012).
In order for a country to be adequately
integrated in worlds market for manufactured goods, and compete in these
markets and in globalizing service markets will depend on the excellence of
human capital they bring to the competition.
2.2.3 Roles
of Business Education in Poverty Alleviation
In line with one of the four key strategies of
NEEDS, that is, implementing a social charter which emphasis welfare, health,
education, employment, poverty reduction, empowerment, security and
participation, business education has a vital role to play in poverty
alleviation. With about 50 percent of the population as children, education is
seen under the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS)
as the most important bridge to the future and a powerful instrument of
empowerment (Ndem, 2010).
Business education as the instrument of empowerment
possesses the basic preparation for two of the most important endeavours known
to mankind, business and education. Business education grandaunts in providing
the most important endeavours which are business and education, equips it
graduates with necessary skills and potentials, that will make them perform
very well in business and also take to teaching as a profession (Okoye,
2002).
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