THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR 1980 TO 1998)

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The eruption of most territorial conflicts around the world generally stems from ideological or religious differences, nationalism, colonialism, politics and competition for natural resources. While some easily degenerate into prolonged conflicts or wars that eventually involve the use of heavy weaponry, others get settled through diplomatic moves, coercion by the international agencies or agreements Nwolise, (2004). 

 From December 1989, Liberia was engulfed in a brutal civil war. The war led to the overthrow and assassination of the government of Master Sergeant Samuel Doe, who had himself come to power in a bloody military coup d’etat in April 12, 1980. The conflict led to the flight of refugees to neighboring countries like Sierra Leone, Guinea (Conakry) and Cote d’Ivoire and later to other countries in the sub region like Ghana, Nigeria and the Gambia. Apart from these, a large number of Liberians were internally displaced by the conflict.

 Peacekeeping and conflict resolutions has its origin in the United Nations and since its inception, the United Nations has developed a number of instrument for controlling and resolving conflicts between and within states Akabogu, Chike (2009).

PROMOTING TAX COMPLIANCE AND REVENUE GENERATIONS THROUGH EFFECTIVE TAX AUDIT (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE SERVICE)

  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background to the Study

The development of any nation depends to a large extend on the amount of revenue generated and applied by the government on public infrastructure for the benefits of members of that society. According to Appah (2010), the development of any nation depends on the amount of revenue generated by the government for the provision of infrastructural facilities. However, the revenue and expenditure gap (R

Osiegbu, Onuorah and Nnamdi (2010), the complains of the government in Nigeria is that the statutory allocation to the various tiers of government is not enough to carry out effective administration as well as finance capital projects. Kiabel and Nwokah (2009) reported that the increasing coast of running government organizations coupled with dwindling revenue has left various government organizations in Nigeria with formulating strategies to promote and improve the revenue base. Hence, one very important strategy that can be applied to increase the revenue base of both federal and state governments in Nigeria is the promotion of Tax Compliance and Revenue Generation through effective Tax Audi in Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) for the citizens of Nigeria.

THE EFFECTS OF TAX EVASION AND TAX AVOIDANCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

 CHAPTER ONE

                                                                   INTRODUCTION

1.1.            BACK GROUND TO THE STUDY

The essence of economic development is to enable the citizens of a Country to be free from poverty. In Nigeria it is vital and necessary to create citizens’ freedom from poverty, corruption, poor governance, illiteracy, bad health etc. It means developing the economic wealth of Nigerians to improve the quality of life. Economic development is influenced by certain factors which include; natural Resources and proper utelisation, capital and Economic stability. These are all referred to as economic factors. Others are literary level of labour and physical amenities such as Roads, hospitals etc which are regarded as Social factors. Political factor which involve government is part of them. This is the policy framework and environment which makes it favourable for economic development. The policy framework and peaceful environment which include laws and implementation is a key function of government. To carry out this function, the finance of government needs to be strengthened. In Nigeria, the major source of government revenue is from crude oil. Unfortunately, the price of oil is experiencing a downward trend. In view of this, there is a need to strengthen revenue through taxation. 

MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND BUSINESS CYCLES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

                                             CHAPTER ONE

                                            INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background

Not until the events of late 1920s in the United States of America (USA) and indeed the industrial world, characterized by the Great Depression, macroeconomics, as a branch of economics was non-existent by that title. Before then, it was the world of microeconomics and the classical economists and business cycle was seen as a normal fact of life.  Expected to re-occur periodically (say in every seven or eight years) no attempt was made to curtail business cycles by way of stabilization policies.  The events of the 1930s provoked a wave of new thinking.

By the mid-1940s, Keynes and Keynesian school of thought had fully emerged, providing alternative explanations to economic phenomena. Consequently, economists no longer viewed business cycles as a normal fact of life.  To the Classical economists fluctuations are real essence of a market economy.  Thus, if there is disequilibrium between demand and supply, self-correcting forces will naturally evolve to stabilize the market.  Government, in this case, need not intervene.

The Keynesians, on the other hand, were of the view that fluctuations caused by supply-demand disequilibrium could be and should be controlled.  They pointed out that business cycle characterized by expansions and contractions “are symptoms of underlying problems of the economy which should be dealt with”. By similar positions, macroeconomics found its feet in the annals of economists.  Today it has become the theoretical and practical response to the problem of inflation, unemployment, growth and business cycle.  Consequently, business cycle became an issue, both in theoretical and empirical terms.

To date literature on business cycle is abundant.  But modern business cycle research is due to the path breaking paper of Kydland and Prescott (1982).  According to Rebelo (2005: 2), three revolutionary ideas were associated with that paper. They are that:

“…business cycle can be studied using dynamic general equilibrium models.  These models feature atomistic agents who operate in competitive markets and form rational expectations about the future.  The second idea is that it is possible to unify business cycle and growth theory by insisting that business cycle models must be consistent with the empirical regularities of long-run growth.  The third idea is that we can go way beyond the qualitative comparison of model properties with stylized facts that dominated theoretical works in macro economics before 1982”.

Beyond these revolutionary ideas, another major contribution of Kydland and Prescott (KP) paper is that supply-side shock due to technological advances are the driving force behind business cycles rather than variations in demand.   It is apposite to point out that KP (1982) model is recognized and classified as a real business cycle (RBC) model.  And in the class of business cycle research, RBC has received much attention.  The RBCs are models of business cycles that explain cycles as fluctuations in potential output.  The development of such a model is in response to the disillusion with the Keynesian consumption function or even the IS-LM framework described as being too simplistic as to take care of the dynamics underlying macroeconomics particularly intertemporal substitutions and uncertainties.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN IDPS CAMPS: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY,NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

                                                                         Introduction

1.1       Background of the Study

Boko Haram a terrorist sect which started in north-eastern city of Maiduguri in Nigeria, around 2002 had its official group name as Jama’atuAhlissunnaLidda’awatiWal-jihad which in Arabic means people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teaching an d Jihad, but residents in the north eastern city of Maiduguri, where the sect had its headquarters dubbed at Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the region’s hausa language which means western education is forbidden. Any write up about this sect will never be complete without mentioning its founding leader Mohammed Yusuf who was killed in Police custody in 2009.(Walker,2012)

Since the Sokoto caliphate, which ruled parts of what is now northern Nigeria, Niger and Southern Cameroon, fell under British control in 1903, there has been resistance among some of the areas muslin to western education.

Against this background, charismatic muslin cleric Mohammed Yusuf formed Boko Haram in Maiduguri in 2002. He set up a religions complex which included a mosque and an Islamic school.

Many poor muslin families from across Nigeria, as well as neighbouring countries enrolled their children at the school. But Boko Haram was not only interested in education, its political goals was create an Islamic state, and the school became a recruiting ground for Jihads.(Adesoji,2011:99-119).

In 2009, Boko Haram carried out a spate of attacks on police stations and other government buildings in Maiduguri Capital of Borno state, which led to a shoot-out on Maiduguri’s street. Hundred of Boko Haram supporters were killed and thousands of resident fled the city.

INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL MAPPING AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON STUDENTS ENROLLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOL

  CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

The search for efficient, effective mapping and instructional materials to students in secondary schools has always been a major concern. This is so as a result of repeated mass failure recorded in West African Senior Secondary School Examination (WASSCE) Adedeji (2011). Among other factors that could be responsible for this failure, are lack mapping and instructional materials which definitely have significant influence or role to play in teaching and learning processes Oyeniran (2013).

Mapping and instructional materials were defined by different authors - instructional materials could be explained as devices through which knowledge, skills, attitude, ideas, beliefs and values got transmitted to the learner by the teacher in order to ease teaching and learning process Ahmed (2013).

Mapping on the other hand, is a powerful but simple way of using diagrams to show information that will aid quick understanding. Mapping makes it easy to understand, remember, and communicate complex information Afolabi (2007). Sometimes the brain feels as if it is scrambled because of information overload, overwhelm, or ineffective use of the brain, this leads to;

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL TRAINING AND SOCIO ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS IN FACULTY OF ARTS AND EDUCATION LEAD CITY UNIVERSITY IBADAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Entrepreneurial training remains a pivot upon which the wheels of the society revolve. Aladekomo, (2004) defined training as the process of learning to live as a useful and acceptable member of the society. From this definition, it is obvious that the essence of training is functionality.  Entrepreneurial training emphasized on acquisition of appropriate skills and the development of mental, physical and social abilities and competencies as equipment for the individual to live in and contribute to the development of the society Ariyo, (2005).

The essence of entrepreneurial  training programme is to ensure that relevant knowledge, skills and attitude needed for students socio economic development is achieved. The inability of the graduates to contribute meaningfully to the economic development of the nation by being self-employed was what informed the introduction of Entrepreneurial training and  education in schools Maria M (2010). The relationship between entrepreneurial training and socio economics development of students in faculty of arts and education cannot be overemphasized as the call for the introduction of Entrepreneurship training  is an indication of its importance in the students socio economic development, empowerment and job creation in particular Onyeachu, (2008).