REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Introduction
This review is precisely concerned with
pre-existing views and perceptions of various scholars and academicians as
regards their contributions to the subject matter “ Poverty and Youth
Restiveness in Nigeria”. It is as a
result of this, that we will take two major variables into cognizance - these
related variables are poverty and youth restiveness.
When talking about poverty,
organizations often use different definitions. According to the World Bank
organization; Poverty is defined relative to the standards of living in a
society at a specific time. People live in poverty when they are denied an income
sufficient for their needs Galloway, (2002).
What the World Bank
organization is saying in essence is that poverty cannot be defined separately
without taking the economic situation into keen consideration. When individuals
or a greater number of citizens in a country cannot purchase their basic needs (both material and non-material),
then they can be referred to as wallowing in an abject poverty.
Restiveness among youth
has become one of the global phenomenon and those in Nigeria has been on
unprecedented increase. Since last decade and more, there has been a
proliferation of unrivalled violence such as kidnapping, abduction and wanton
destruction of valuable infrastructures as well as lives and properties.
This negative
development according to Ikpa (2013) is unfortunate and has become one of the challenges
facing man in the present society. It is
commonly reported that poverty, unemployment and lack of access to education
among others were responsible for this high level of restiveness orchestrated
by youth s in the form of bombing mosques, churches, markets and killing of
innocent people. The phenomenon of restiveness has become one of the major
concerns of the citizen in Nigeria and particularly Borno, Niger, Plateau,
Kaduna, Kano and Yobe states respectively. Recently, more than 90 people were
killed at Bin sheik, a town of few kilometres away from Maiduguri city.
Similarly, 40 students were also reported to be killed in school of Agriculture
Gujuba, Yobe state and more than 200 girls were reported to be abducted in
Chibok, Borno State by Boko Haram.
There are similar
activities epitomized by killing and kidnapping of oil workers in Niger-Delta
area. Those that are involved in these activities were reported to be between
18 and 20 years. Furthermore, this scenario was exacerbated by unwillingness
from the side of government to curtail the phenomenon. In a nutshell, the
problem bedevilling Nigerian country is demonstrated by the activities of youth
and this has affected the sustainable development of the country. It is against
this backdrop that this study seeks to determine the causes and implication of Poverty
and Youth Restiveness to our nation Nigeria .
To clearly understand
the activities of these restive youth, a questions was posed first, what
actually causes the youth to perpetrate these acts? Secondly, what are the
implications of poverty and youth restiveness to our security and sustainable
development? Thirdly, what role do government plays in curtailing the
phenomenon? To answer these questions the study set out to investigate the
phenomenon through qualitative interpretation and analysis.
2.
2 Conceptual Framework
Poverty and youth
restiveness are two interrelated concepts because one cannot exist without the
other, it is as a result of poverty that most youth often stoop to association
with various political groups which makes them become restive in the society.
Poverty can be traced as far back as human existence itself, this is because
human wants are insatiable in relation to the available resources at their
disposal.
Most third world
countries and under developed nations often suffer from this endemic problem
which is vast becoming a disease. This
is as a result of the fact that they lack the necessary since technology needed
to enhance or rather ensure coordinated growth of their economy when compared
to the giant or developed countries. Poverty could mean different things to
different people, to the layman, it could mean a state of being poor, to the economist
it could mean the availability of limited or little resources needed for
everyday life while the politician could see poverty as the lack of necessary where withal with which to acquire political power in its highest
order.
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