CHAPTER ONE
INTrODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
The emergence of
Information and Communication Technology has provided means for faster and
better communication, efficient storage, retrieval and processing of data and
exchange and utilization of information to its users, be they individuals,
groups, businesses, organizations or governments. ICTs have to be used in order
to create and deliver a service, which is useful and has an effective impact
for the businesses and for the citizens. Information and communications
technology (ICT) is an integral component of government operations and service
delivery. ICT is increasingly used as a strategic tool to more efficiently
support any Government’s priorities and program delivery. In order to have a
successful e-Government, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
solutions, which are at the very core of the e-Government infrastructure, have
to be reachable by all citizens (Reffat, 2006).
This study was
anchored on two theories: Theory of planned behavior and technology acceptance
model. The theory of planned behavior is a theory about the link between
beliefs and behavior. It started as the Theory of Reasoned Action in 1980 to
predict an individual's intention to engage in a behavior at a specific time
and place. TPB states that behavioral achievement depends on both motivation
(intention) and ability (behavioral control). It distinguishes between three
types of beliefs - behavioral, normative, and control (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis
and Davis, 2003). Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) deals with the prediction
of the acceptability of an information system. TAM
posits
that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use determine an individual's
intention to use a system with intention to use serving as a mediator of actual
system use. Perceived usefulness is also seen as being directly impacted by
perceived ease of use (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis and Davis, 2003).
Electronic
Government uses a range of information technologies, such as the Wide Area
Networks, Internet, and Mobile Computing, to transform government operations in
order to improve effectiveness, efficiency, service delivery and to promote
democracy. Electronic Government is a fundamental element in the modernization
of the Government of Kenya. It provides a common framework and direction across
the public sector and enhances collaboration within and among public sector
organizations and institutions, between Government and the business community,
and between Government and the citizens that it serves in the implementation of
Government Policies. It also identifies ways of developing the skills needed by
public servants to realize the new opportunities offered by ICT advancement
such as the internet (e-Government, 2004).
1.1.1
Concept of Strategy
According to
Thompson (2007), strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a
particular goal, most often winning. Strategy can be used as a deliberate
search for a plan of action that will develop an organizations competitive
advantage and enhance it. Thus, strategy development is a multidimensional
process that must involve rational analysis and intuition, experience, and
emotion. Without analysis, the process of strategy formulation, particularly at
the senior management level, is likely to be chaotic with no basis for
comparing and evaluating alternatives.
Equally
important, a strategy serves as a vehicle for achieving consistent decision
making across different departments and individuals. Strategy permits the
application of powerful analytical tools to help ministries create and redirect
their strategies. Strategy can help the firm establish long term direction in
its development and behavior (Grant, 2002). For strategy to provide such
coordination it requires that the strategy process act as a communication
mechanism within the ministries.
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