EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY TRAINING FOR ACADEMIC STRESS REDUCTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ILORIN, NIGERIA

 

CHAPTER ONE

    INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Stress is an undesirable, unpalatable but unavoidable phenomenon that crops up as individuals pursue their personal interests and goals. As man strives to attain the basic needs of life, stress emerges in form of physical trauma, strenuous exercise, metabolic disturbances and anxiety, which challenge the body’s homeostasis (Akinboye, Akinboye & Adeyemo, 2002) thereby distorting the physical, emotional, social or spiritual well-being of an individual. Not surprising, Adeoye (2009) described stress as a form of relative discomfort.

Stress is an interaction between a person and a situation or experience in his internal or external environment which produces discomfort in a person who has little or no resources to handle the demands (Adeoye, 2010). Stress occurs in different situations and settings such as home, workplace, or college and any other human setting. Moreover, stress may be named according to the setting. For example, in an academic setting, students do experience academic stress, so named because it occurs in an academic environment.

Academic stress has been a topic of interest for many years because it is constant for students. Academic stress is a form of strain, inconvenience or disturbance experienced by students during the course of their academic pursuit.

It is a pressure from school environment that can cause internal tensions in students. Students experience high stress as a result of academic commitments, poor study habits and ineffective time management skills. The combination of the many sources of stress (stressors) such as planning for the future, struggling with examination and assignments and meeting the demands of the school can be an overwhelming experience for many students. Thus, students become tensed, disturbed and worry because of academic demands and pressure (Adeoye, 2009).

AN EVALUATION OF CONCURRENT AND CONSECUTIVE UNIVERSITY- BASED TEACHER-EDUCATION CURRICULA IN KWARA, OYO AND OSUN STATES, NIGERIA

             CHAPTER ONE

               INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Education is a sine qua non for the social, political, and economic development of any nation, and it is supposed to be every citizen’s right. Education is generally for an immediate induction into society and a preparation for adulthood (Fafunwa, 1974). As stated in the National Policy on Education (Federal Republic of Nigeria [FRN], 2004), the goals of Nigerian education are to build:

a)                 a free and democratic society;

b)                 a just and egalitarian society;

c)                 a united, strong and self reliant nation;

d)                a great and dynamic economy and a land of bright and full opportunity for citizens (p. 1).

Education is one of the primary means of developing natural potential of an individual which ordinarily may be hidden if untapped. Education is a strong tool for social development (Lawal, 1995). The school, an educational institution, is central to the provision of quality education. Every other sector, for example, health, economic, agricultural, security, and so on, are dependent on the educational system.  That is why a nation like Nigeria cannot toy with education if the country is to be at par with other nations of the world. Similarly, education assists individual to transfer the knowledge acquired in schools to real life situation in solving future problems and coping with strategies to equip them for future challenges (Norton & Schell, 2001).

EFFECTIVENESS OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE-BEHAVIOUR AND REALITY THERAPIES ON ACADEMIC-STRESS OF SANDWICH UNDERGRADUATES, ORO CAMPUS OF UNIVERSITY OF ADO-EKITI, NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Sandwich study programme is a form of Adult education which United  Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 1972) described as “the entire body of organized educational processes, whatever the content, level, method whether they prolong or replace initial education in schools, colleges and universities as well as in apprenticeship”. Thus, persons regarded as adults by society to which they belong develop their technical or professional skills and bring about changes in their attitudes or behaviours in two-fold perspective of full personal development and participation in balanced and independent social, economic and cultural development.

 

Adult education can also be seen as any organized informal or formal plan of education for adolescents and adults that are independent of the conventional school programme as administered by public or voluntary agencies in so far as they believe that they will benefit from the programme.   The sandwich and part-time degree programmes represent one of the last available opportunities or chances for becoming university graduates in Nigeria. This is because there are so many people who are also capable of learning but inadequately or deliberately were not opportuned to do so because of certain reasons. Psychologically, it can be accepted that people who are mature and socially responsible and economically viable, technically qualified and mentally sound, may be considered as the beneficiaries of Sandwich Degree Programme or Course.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY ON EMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.1                           Background to the Study

Employment creation is one of the major macroeconomic objectives of any society, especially labour abundant economies. A gainfully employed labour force and active population have high potentials to contribute to the growth of national output for the promotion of economic development (Englama, 2001). According to ILO (2009), 5.7percent of the world’s labour forces were unemployed and looking for work in 2007. This figure increased to 6.0percent in 2008 and 6.1 percent in 2009. Thus, 212 million people were unemployed in 2009 (ILO, 2010); an increase of 32 million over the 180 million people that were unemployed in 2007. Although the projected figure in the level of unemployment is a major global challenge, the potential increase in vulnerable employment is even more alarming. It is estimated that half of the global workforce – 7 times more than the number of unemployed – were likely to be in vulnerable employment in year 2010, highlighting the urgent need for policies to address the substantial decent work deficits.

QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT PRACTICES AMONG FAST FOOD RETAIL OUTLETS IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1.          Background to the Study

The product is generally considered to take a very significant position among the four marketing-mix elements. Since it is regarded as what a company or business enterprise offers to the market, it occupies a special position in the hearts of decision-makers and management. According to Kotler (1997), the product does not only mean the tangible object in a package. It refers to the entire image of the product including, packaging, design, colour and after-sale services.

The product is what brings an enterprise into operation and it also determines whether the enterprise stays on or packs up. It follows then that the viability of a product is also the viability of the enterprise.

Kotler reiterates that the success of a product in the market starts right from its ‘creation’. It depends on how the product is brought into existence. This actually explains why most of management’s attention is devoted to the making of the physical product. It is therefore the responsibility of management to plan and develop the right type of product for the market. This can be achieved by developing new products/services or improving on the performance of the existing ones. All these activities are aimed at the viability of the product. That is, the ability of the product to perform to customers’ satisfaction, thus leading to its continued profitable existence in the market. All these centre on the notion, ‘Quality’.

COMMERCIAL BANK CREDIT AND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

            BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

As confirmed by Ugochukwu (1999:02), agriculture is the first and most thriven occupation of mankind. From its early form of wild fruits, leaf, root, snail and insect gathering, fishing and hunting, to its present mechanized and almost automated form, it has undergone a lot of development

Okah (2007:04) conceived agriculture as the cultivation of land, raising animals for the purpose of production of food for man, feed for animals, and raw materials for our industries. It also consist of croup production, forestry, livestock and fishing. It is also essential for expansion of employment opportunity, reduction of poverty and improvement of income distribution, speeding up industrialization and easing the pressure of balance of payments disequilibrium.

The role of agriculture in transforming both the social and economic frame work of an economy cannot be over emphasized. Anyanwu (1997:213) posits that “agriculture has been the main source of gainful employment from which Nigeria nation can feed its feeding population, providing the nations industries with local raw materials and as a reliable source of government revenue. Corroborating the above is Reynolds(1975.35) who asserts that agricultural development can promote the economic development by increasing the supply of food available for domestic consumption and releasing the labour needed for industrial employment.

The major agricultural export commodities in Nigeria include cocoa, coffee, cotton, groundnut, groundnut oil, palm kernel, soya beans, ginger rubber, benign –seed and chili pepper (CBN,2003).there are other commodities that are being demanded in the world market such as cassava and cassava products, banana, plantain and so on. The Nigerian economy until today is still dependent on primary products both as foreign exchange earner and contribute to gross domestic product.(GAP). Olurosunsola (1996:131) attributes this to the fact that the main interest of the colonial masters was and still is the exportation of products needed for their home industries.

THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING ON SALES PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 BACK GROUND TO THE STUDY

Advertising is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). There are various forms of advertising like informative advertising, persuasive advertising, comparison advertising, and reminder advertising. Informative advertising is used to inform consumers about a new product, service or future or build primary demand. It describes available products and services, corrects false impressions and builds the image of the company, (Kotler, 2010).Advertising can be done through print media which includes news papers ,magazines ,brochures ,Audio media for example Radio, and visual media which includes billboards, and television (Kotler and Armstrong 2010).

Sales performance describes the trend of collections in terms of revenue when comparing different periods (MC Cathy, 1994). The sales may be in form of offering products or services to consumers. A service is any activity or benefit that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in ownership of anything (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010).Sales volume is the core interest of every organization and is based on sales and profit .When volume goes up profits rises and management in organizations is made easier.

Mukwano is a manufacturing industry located in Kampala city along Jinja road near industrial area. It was established in 1980 and it deals in the production of a variety of beauty products for example smearing jelly, soaps, body lotions and creams. It also deals with the other domestic products like cooking oils, beverages and plastic containers. 

THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING IN MOTIVATING CONSUMER BRAND PREFERENCE IN NIGERIA TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence the companies allot a considerable amount of revenues as their advertising budget. Advertising can be explained as a promotional strategy that serves as a very important tool that creates awareness in the mind of a potential consumer to patronize a product. To consumers, the role of advertising is to provide information efficiently and economically as possible to potential buyers. Closely related to the function of the information of the consumer is the belief that advertising promotes greater choice for the consumer.

Advertising involves a form of communication proposed to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to buy or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It usually includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. Commercial advertisers, as in the case of telecommunication sector, often intend to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers.

McDaniel, Lamb and Hair.Jr.  (2006) defines advertising as “any form of paid communication in which the sponsor or company is identified”. Traditional media such as Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, direct mail, billboards and transit cards (advertisements on buses and taxis and at bus stops) are most commonly used to transmit advertisements to consumers and almost all companies selling a good or service use some form of advertising, whether it be in the form of a multimillion-dollar campaign or a simple classified ad in a newspaper. One of the primary benefits of advertising is its ability to communicate to a large number of people at one time. Advertising reinforces positive attitudes towards brands, when consumers already have a favorable frame towards product brand, advertising often influence them positively. Also, when consumers are already loyal to a brand they tend to buy more of that brand when advertising and promotion is increased. Advertising has been defined simply as a form of communication through the media about products or ideas, a message that is paid for by an identified sponsor (Anyacho, 2007). 

THE ROLE OF BANK OF AGRICULTURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY - CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Conceptual of Agricultural Financing in Nigeria

Agricultural financing has suffered a great set back in Nigeria. Perhaps this is due to the fact that agricultural lending is considered to be more risky, problematic and unprofitable relative to other sectors Enyim, Ewno and Okoro, (2013). To this end, the commercial banks which are the major conventional financial institutions have no interest in agricultural finance Obilor (2013). In the days of sectoral allocation, the agricultural sector was favoured and banks complied because of the penalties involved of which some of the banks even preferred to pay than to comply Gurdenson, (2003).

Thus, the Nigerian agricultural sector which is significantly made up of peasant farmers relies more on the informal sources of fund for credit supply. These include: cooperatives, community development associations, thrift associations, family, friends and money lenders Akinleye, Akanni and Oladoja, (2003). Nwankwo (2013) in his contribution asserted that the informal sources cannot meet the credit needs of the farmers adequately.

THE ROLE OF BANK OF AGRICULTURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The role of banks is critical to the development of a nation in terms of credit to agricultural sector, the rural areas and small business in general. This is because it drives capital formation and technology upgrade Anyanwu, J.C. (2002).  Bank of Agriculture activity in this area involves the direct making of loans and strengthening of local micro finance banks, which deliver credit at the local community level.

The bank has a mandate to provide low cost credit to small holder and commercial farmers, and small and medium rural enterprises. It also provides micro financing to small and medium scale non-agricultural enterprises. It  aimed at ensuring effective delivery of agricultural and rural finance services on a sustainable basis to support the national economic development agenda, including food security, poverty reduction, employment generation, reduction in rural to urban migration, less dependency on imported food items, and increase in foreign exchange earnings Adeleke, S. & Damilola, F. A. (2013).

The bank have embarked on various initiatives to strengthen the cooperative credit structure at local and state government level as well as rural micro finance banks. The effect is that adequate and timely credit is made available to the needy Ketu, A. A. (2008).  In order to reinforce productive and the growth of the Nigerian economy, Bank of Agriculture began the implementation of a number of developmental and promotional activities such as:-

CHAPTER TWO OF THE EFFECT OF ADVERTISING ON CONSUMERS BRAND SELECTION ( A STUDY OF SELECTED MARKETING COMPANIES IN NIGERIA)

                              LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1  Introduction

Advertising is one of the most effective tools of marketing. According to Stanton (2001), advertising is an exercise in information, persuasion and influence. Its aim is to reinforce positive behavior or change a negative behavior towards a product. Promotional activities include; Advertising, Publicity, Personal selling, Public relations, Sales promotion, Trade fairs and exhibitions etc..

Predominantly, in this chapter, discussions are concentrated on advertising. Here, effort is made at reviewing various authors’ comments in specific areas intended to be covered. Many authors and individuals who have carved a niche in advertising have said many things, which are considered useful in this study.

2.2 Concept of Advertising 

“Advertising presents the most persuasive selling message to the right prospects for a product or service at the least possible cost.”  In the words of Kaufman (1980), “advertising is not chemistry, with rules and laws that, if followed with reasonable precision, will lead to predictable results every time.  Advertising is not a panacea that can restore a poor product or rejuvenate a declining market; it is not a substitute for sound business judgment nor is advertising merely the words and pictures that appear in newspapers and magazines, on billboards and on television screens. These are the means or the media that advertising uses to communicate its information about products, services, and ideas to people: information designed to persuade them make buying or action decisions. Advertising is the art and business of persuasive communication” Jefkins (2007).

THE EFFECT OF ADVERTISING ON CONSUMERS BRAND SELECTION ( A STUDY OF SELECTED MARKETING COMPANIES IN NIGERIA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background to the Study

Advertising is a form of communication proposed to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to buy or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It usually includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer to purchase that particular brand Arens, W.F. (2002). Advertisers often intend to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers.

Historically, out-of-home advertising and billboards are the oldest forms of advertising. However, with the passage of time, marketers used print Ads to reach out to its audience at a low cost.  Originally used in the creation of shop signs, advertisement took a revolutionary at the onset of the 21st century, an age bursting with new technologies Max Web Design, (2008).

POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF LOCAL EMPOWERMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT (LEEMP)

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Poverty far from being a condition in which a person or people cannot afford the basic material necessities, without which life becomes virtually unlivable, is a multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon. Politically, it goes back beyond income inequality as it includes rights, power relations and access to and distribution of resources. Socially, it involves the question of human dignity, social relationships and opportunities. Thus poverty has become a social reality and a global affliction which virtually seems to have defied a permanent solution. This is why Onah (2006:314) emphasized that:

The issue of poverty has provoked concerns and debates among scholars and organizations in the world. It has become an issue of global interest. It is a socio-economic epidemic affecting majority of the people in the world, including Nigeria.

Poverty as the Central Bank of Nigeria (2004) and Word Bank (1991:1) stressed is one of the symptoms and manifestations of underdevelopment. Nigeria’s poverty rate over the years has continued to grow unabated. According to the United Nations Reports (1999-2001) Nigeria’s Human Poverty Index (HPI) was 41.6% which places the country among the 25 poorest nations in the world. The HPI for some other African countries as indicated in the reports indicated that Zimbabwe, Botswana, Kenya Burkina Faso and Niger has 17.3%, 22.9%, 26.1%, 58.3% and 66.0% respectively.

ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT DECISIONS

INTRODUCTION TO INVESTMENTS

There are many different definitions of what ‘investment’ and ‘investing’ actually means. One of the simplest ways of describing it is using your money to try and make more money. This can happen in many different ways.

All investors are different. The common factor is that you would like to invest money to aim to make it grow or to receive a regular income from it. We would like to show you that choosing the most suitable investment for you does not need to be difficult.  All you need is the right help along the way.

The act committing money or capital to an endeavor with the expectation of obtaining an additional income or profit is known as investment. Investing means putting your money to work for you.