THE IMPACT OF MILITANT ACTIVITIES IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA FROM 1999-2015

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Militancy is a state or condition of being combative or disposed to fight for a cause or belief (Chindah and Braide (2000).  It can also be defined as a violent response by an individual, group or sect in a region, community, state or nation due to claims of underdevelopment, political oppression, religious beliefs and segregation. The motive is that people want their rights and if they are not going to get it by negotiation, they simply will then have it by violence against the “powers that be” – as the saying goes “if peace cannot be reached through negotiation, force is applied”.

The activities of several armed militant groups have cast a huge shadow of doubt on the safety of life, commerce and properties. Although their activities are said to be directed towards fighting for a good cause, the means adopted had caused threats to the lives of residents in such areas Odiachi (2012).  A case in point is the militant activities within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which had caused security threats to oil companies, expatriates and even the natives of the region. Their activities target oil production facilities, oil workers and law enforcement agents and has extended to affect the natives and their properties.

 Although the activities of all militant groups in Nigeria have been focused on fighting for a greater share of the country’s oil revenue, positions in the federal levels, political and religious reasons, they however have adopted anti-progressive means such as kidnapping, sabotage, theft, property destruction, and guerilla warfare Lamb and Hameed (2012).

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROFIT PLANNING IN NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

In  modern  economies,  prices  are  generally  expressed  in units of some form of currency. Although, prices could be quoted as quantities of other goods and services (BARTER SYSTEM). Prices are sometimes quoted in terms of vouchers such as trading stamps. Price sometimes refers to the quantity of payment requested by a seller of goods or services rather than the actual payment amount.

One of the most crucial operating decisions management must make is establishing a setting price for its products but this is quiet unfortunately that many firms are still mismanaging pricing causing lots of money and anticipated profit to be unexplored and wasted.

In many financial transactions, it is customary to quote prices in other ways. The requested amount is sometimes called the asking or selling price, while actual payment may be called the transaction or traded price.

However in explaining the importance of pricing, Egbunike (2007:83) sustained that setting the price for an organizations product or service is one of the most difficult, due to some number of variety of factors that must be considered. The primary decision arises in virtually all types of organization, just to mention but a few of them such as manufacturers set prices for their products, they manufacture, merchandising companies set prices for their goods, service firms set prices for such services as insurance policies, bank loans etc.

A company’s survival and profitability decisions, thus price is the only element in the marketing mix that produce s revenue and thus ensures profit ability (kotler and keller 2006:475) Price adopted by firms must be able to cover all cost in the long run as well as to leave a profit margin to reward management.

SEMINAR PRESENTATION

THE IMPACT OF SOLE BUSINESS PROPRIETORSHIP  IN CREATING EMPLOYMENT IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL OF THE F.C.T, NIGERIA

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

In Nigeria today, there has been an increase in unemployment and the nation’s economy has taken a nose dive, thus causing unrest and youth restiveness in the country.  According to National Bureau of Statistics, unemployment rate in Nigeria increased to 9.90 percent in the third quarter of 2015 from 8.20 percent in the second quarter of 2015. Unemployment Rate in Nigeria averaged 11.45 percent from 2006 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 23.90 percent in the fourth quarter of 2011 and a record low of 5.30 percent in the fourth quarter of 2006.

Sole Business Proprietorship is a catalyst for accelerated growth, job creation opportunities and a general improvement in the level of standard of living.  Therefore, this seminar critically examines issues concerning the impact of sole business Proprietorship, employment and development in Abuja Municipal Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja.

APPROVEDTHE ROLE OF MICRO FINANCE BANK IN ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG WOMEN IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the study

Microfinance is the provision of a broad range of financial services to poor low-income households and micro enterprises Amin and Pebley, (2002). Research interest in the issue of access to microfinance particularly by women has been on a rising trend in recent times. Bennet and Goldberg (2006) asserted that in developing economies, low-income women are often victims of societal suppression and abuse; while their counterparts in developed economies are victims of lending discrimination. It is therefore argued that lending to women may help empower them economically and socially.

The heightened interest in the gender dimension of microfinance in recent times stems from the fact that women are often seen as instruments for societal change and development and as such, empowering them may be of great benefit to society. Access to credit by women has therefore become the main subject of many global and regional conferences, seminars and workshops Onoriode (2000).

Experts have widely acknowledged the substantial contribution of small and micro enterprises (of which women participation constitute larger percentage) to the entrepreneurial development of a nation, therefore the need to support them to grow. It is therefore no exaggeration to state that, the most important goal, which every society in the contemporary world has set for itself, is to empower its women to be able to afford basic necessities of life such as food, clothing and shelter; as well as be part of decision making in the home and community Jankowicz A., (2000).

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN MANAGEMNET POSITION: A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The discrimination women face in the labour market has long been a subject of study with the increase in labour force participation of women. Large number of women has over the years entered into the male dominated workplaces mainly due to societal changes. A broad distinction between men’s work in the public sphere and women’s work in the private has been drawn, and the public is further divided by gender.

 Occupational segregation and discrimination reflects not only in the assigning of what kind of job women do, but also in discrimination such as wage differential, restricted career opportunities and the kind of reward accruing to the occupational opportunity of women. Feminist scholars highlighted the relationship between women gender based responsibility, child care and their disadvantaged positioning the labour market.

 Whilst some women have moved into managerial positions and are making waves, many others experience barriers in progressing to higher position of authority in firms. Another major challenge woman in authority face is the difficulty for male subordinates, counterparts and superior officers to accept their authority and opinion. Some other reasons why women experience such barriers also include home commitments, traditional and cultural beliefs (Fontyn, 2002).

The affirmative action by the federal Government accounts for much change, motivated by the level of development of women and of the Nation after the United Nations declaration of 1976-1985 as the Nigerian Decade for women. The political Bureau recommended in 1987, that five percent decision making positions in the country should be reserved for women in all spheres of government (Akande, 1996).

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND ITS IMPLICATION ON SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Homosexuality is romantic or sexual intercourse or behaviour between members of the same sex (beth 1992:2). As a sexual orientation, homosexuality refers to an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate or romantic attractions primarily and exclusively to people of the same sex (Redmond 1999).

The term homosexual is derived from same. Thus connoting sexual acts and affections between members of the same

sex. Lesbianism is a sexual act between females while Gay generally refers to male homosexuality. The word “Lesbians” is “Lesbos”, where the poet Sappho wrote young women.

Historically, homosexuality has attracted much interest and attention but attitudes towards such preference of having sex with one of the same gender have varied in different epochs and cultural groups ranging from acceptance as among the ancient Greeks, to measured tolerance in the Roman times and outright condemnations. (Greg Reeder 1999).

 According to the old testament, Leviticus 16:8-22, 20:13) sex between men is an abomination and any involved will be put to death, other parts of the Bible makes it known that homosexuality is a sin and any involved in it faces strong penalty. Such books of the Bible like the book of Romans 1:18-31, Corinthians 6:9 which says that homosexuals are unrighteous and will not inherit the kingdom of God. This however has affected the Judeo-Christian attitude towards homosexuality for centuries.

KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS AMONG YOUTH IN ABUJA METROPOLIS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1             Background to the Study

Sexual and reproductive health is an important issue to every stakeholder in theglobal health sector particularly with regard to the youth and adolescents (Tien, 2006). A number of factors are responsible for the high level of importance attached to adolescents/youth’s sexual and reproductive health. Various authors indicate that adolescent/youth’s sexual and reproductive health for most countries is in bad shape. Attahir, Sufiyan, Abdukadir and Haruna (2010) found out that the health risk faced by adolescent girls during pregnancy is very high, accounting for 15% of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) for maternal conditions and 13% of all maternal deaths. The cause of this degenerating health condition of adolescent girls, according to Tien (2006), is lack of knowledge and access to contraception. Consequently, Tayo, Akinola, Babatunde, Adewumi, Osinusi and Shittu (2010) suggested active and intensive promotion of sexuality education, and contraceptive use among the youth in the Sub-Saharan Africa as a way of addressing this anomaly.

In Nigeria, Harrison (2009) observed that the countries high maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is attributed to her youth’s sexuality. The later is characterized by low contraceptive usage by the youth, high incidence of illegal abortion amongst the youth, ignorance of contraception among the youth, and lack of sex education from parents and teachers. The situation in Nigeria is likely to a reflection of the situation in the entire

Africa. Such a situation made the World Health Organization Report (2010) to show that Africa’s progress in meeting the number 5 Millennium Development Goals (MDG5), in which the target is 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio from the year 2000, to the year 2015 remains a major challenge to health systems worldwide.

Moreover, NPC and ICF Macro Report (2009), indicate that Nigeria is remarkably slow in its progress towards the MDGs set to be attained in 2015. As we move close to 2015, MMR in Nigeria is put at over 545 per 100,000 live births, compared with other societies that have made significant progress towards the MDGs goal 5, such as U.K with about 8 per 100,000 live births, Germany and Spain 7 per 100,000 live births and France with about 10 per 100,000 live births. Also, NPC and ICF Macro (2009) have attributed the high MMR in Nigeria to poor contraceptive usage and high rates of unwanted pregnancies, which invariably give rise to illegal and clandestine abortions.

World Health Organization Report (2010) on the statistics of contraceptive prevalence in 53 African countries, shows that Nigeria has 14.1% contraceptive prevalence rate, unlike other African countries like Mauritius with 75.8%, Morocco 63.0%, Algeria 61.4%, Cape Verde 61.3%, Egypt 60.3%, South Africa 60.3%, Tunisia 60.2%, Zimbabwe 60.2%, Namibia and Swaziland with 55.1% and 50.6% respectively.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS IN MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY                             

In many marketing science, the effective management distribution of product are essential to those that determine the extent of product availability at consumption point. Channel analyses is important in evaluating marketing system because it indicates how the various market participants are organize to accomplish the movement of products from the producer to the final consumer.

Distribution channel according to Philip, Kotler and Garry Armstrong (1999:362) is viewed as an interdependent organization involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.

Channels of distribution are management tools used in moving goods from the point of production to that of consumption. This function of getting goods into the hands of consumers is often referred to as

„‟distribution„‟. Hence physical distribution involves planning, implementing and controlling the physical flow of materials, final goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption to meet customer requirements and satisfactorily.

ENHANCING CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH EFFECTIVE AUDIT SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY OF SHEFFEILD RISK MANAGEMENT LIMITED OWERRI IMO STATE)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background Of The Study

Accountability in both public and private section has being an issue that is worth discussing due to its paramount and colossal impact to the overall performance of an organization.

It (Accountability) has to do with reporting back action, task carried out by an individual to the authority who apportioned such function.

Accountability is the process or act of reporting back to a higher authority, body or individual the actions taken by a steward. It enables the person or persons reported to determine if the steward has acted or performed the assigned duties properly and satisfactory. It plays a major role in the success or failure of any business, particularly when the business is not managed by its owner.

Initially most business set-ups were managed by their manager was the sole financial contribution to the enterprise. But with the development in the scale and scope of business, a huge capital beyond that

affordable by the sole individual or a family was needed. Consequently contributors (hereafter called shareholders) were required to raise the funds for the business. The emergence of these shareholders led to the divorce of the owner managers from the management of the business as all of them cannot be directors at the same time. This the management of business was entrusted to the hands of people who have no financial claims to the business and the shareholders were skeptical about this particularly as the law does not permit them individually to go through the books of the company in their desire to keep abreast of the performance of the directors.

This skepticism aroused the need for surveillance over the activities of the non-owner managing directors.

Audit has since them received a lot of definitions and/or then received a lot of definitions and/or interpretations both from accounting bodies and auditors and their non-the-like. Justifiable is to say that audit has suffered a lot of misinterpretations. Most of the misgiving interpretations see it as being armed at fraud and error detection. But audit essentially involves much more than that. One of the most involved and of course the most acceptable definitions so far is that issued by the consultative council of accountability bodies (CCAB) which sees audit as “the independent examin financial statement of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in pursuance of statutory obligation (Howard 1982:1).

DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN IBADAN, OYO STATE.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background To The Study

Several studies have emerged on undergraduates unrest in the tertiary institution affecting the smooth running of academic in both private and  public higher institutions in Nigeria Adeyemi, et al., (2010), but articles on the determinants of attitude towards violence among undergraduates  in tertiary institutions have been hitherto hardly considered in academic literature. However, the trend of undergraduates’ violence being accompanied with attendant massive destruction of property is a source of concern to academic advancement in Nigeria Makinde, (2014) and it is yet to be explored in literature. Thus, this study is conceived to address this gap in knowledge with a focus on Universities in Oyo State, South-West Nigeria as the rate at which undergraduates in the tertiary institutions indulge in violent demonstrations against their fellow students and management of their institutions is becoming worrisome to many stakeholders, especially parents, who perceived universities as a solution to the moribund education system in Nigeria Makinde, (2014).  Moreover, the increase in intensity of the menace and the way it spread from one university to others in a short interval could be regarded as a bad signal to the challenged education system in Nigeria Omonijo et al., (2014).

Omonijo et al., (2014) stressed that this dangerous phenomenon has been as a result of childhood exposure to maltreatment at infancy stage, vengeance, anger and emotional stability and it may be very difficult to access quality education in Nigeria in the foreseeable future, because the sector could become worse Akpan, (2014), where violence and instability of academic calendar, high level of indiscipline, loss of lives and destruction of properties appear to be the order of the day.

VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) AND PRICE STABILITY IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background Of The Study

The introduction of value added tax(VAT) in Nigeria came from the report of the study group set up by the federal government in 1991 to review the entire tax system in the set up to carry out feasibility studies on its possible implementation.

In January 1993, the federal government agreed to introduce VAT by the middle of the year. But due to some logistic reasons for the relevant legislation to be made and proper ground work done. It was shifted to January 1^st 1994.

VAT replaced the former existing sales tax carried out by the different state3 governments, the wages first implemented in 1986 and operated under the federal government legislated degree no.7, of 1986. VAT replaced the sales tax because of the following reasons.

VAT is neutral in that a considerable part of the new tax is to be realized from imported goods unlike the sales tax that targets only locally produced goods based on the general consumption behavior.

VAT is a consumption tax on all economic operation in the country including imports and has a zero rate for export. The federal Inland Revenue service (FIRS) is the main body charge with the administration of VAT in Nigeria custom service (NCS) for the collection of VAT on imports and the help of VAT on the locally produced goods and services.

VAT has a single low rate of 5% with a zero rate for exports and is borne sole by the final consumers of VAT able goods and services like any other indirect tax, some essential goods and services are exempted from VAT that is they are not VAT able

AN APPRAISAL OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON CORPORATE ORGANIZATION IN ENUGU.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.2              Background Of The Study

Towards   the   end   of   1800’s   to   the   e firms was exclusively economic. During this period, the cardinal purpose of business owners is to make as much profit as possible. To underscore the above assertion, Milton Friedman (1972:88) had contended that the only responsibility of the business is to make as much profit as it can for the owners. Today, partly due to the interdependencies of many groups in our society, the values, goals and attitudes of the society changed significantly. This accounts for the complexity in the society in the area of social, economic as well as environmental problems which have been experienced. This situation is in consonance with the view of Ackerman (1973:89), when he opined that the people increased awareness has brought some expectation and demand to bear on companies to be socially responsible to the society in which they operate. Thus we often talk about the social responsibility and social responsiveness of all organizations although the focus of this study shall be on corporate organizations. There is a question as to what the social responsibility of business really means.

 

The concept of social responsibility is not new, although the idea was already considered in the early part of the twentieth century. The modern discussions of social responsibility got a major impetus with the book “social responsibility of business m suggested that business actors should consider the social implications of their decisions, society being awakened with respect to the urgency of social problems is asking managers and owners of business what they are doing to discharge their social responsibility to the society in which they operate given negative social impacts of their business on the society such as pollutions of all kinds air, water, solid waste noise to mention but a few.

The concept of social responsibility of and responses to the issues beyond narrow economic, technical and legal requirement of the firm. It is the f making process the effects of its decision on the external social system in a

FACTORS THAT REDUCE SAVINGS IN NIGERIA (1980-2010)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Financial institution, market, regulator and instrument all comprises a set of complex and closely interconnected financial system, proving financial services in an economy, such services includes mobilization and allocation of resources, distribution of investment funds among firms, financial intermediation and foreign exchange transactions.

The Nigeria financial system can be categorized into two via: the formal or organized and informal or unorganized financial system, the banks and non banks financial institutions make up the organized financial system while the unorganized sector comprises of indigenous bankers local money lenders‟(ISUSU), shop-keepers or traders, merchants, landlords, saving associations, friends and relatives etc. the system is poorly developed, limited economics information, defective system of according are not integrated into the formal financial system, but very important to the Nigerian financial system. Capital formations, buying and selling of bonds and securities, creation of new assets and liabilities, executing monetary and credit policies of the central bank etc.

Are the roles and functions of financial system geared towards economic development of an economy? Patriotic researchers and policy makers have observed a declining savings rate in Nigeria over the past decades; this is due to the critical importance of saving for the maintenance of strong and sustainable growth in the world economy particularly in Nigeria.

A sound, healthy and reliable financial system relates to savings mobilization and efficient financial intermediation roles:

First, reduces hoarding and help spread the risk between household and firms.

Second, lowers interest rates thereby bringing about stability in capital market.

Third, they create liquidity in the economy by borrowing short-term and lending long-term.

Fourth, disseminate information between ultimate lenders and ultimate borrowers thereby mobilizing savings from surplus units and channeling them to deficit units through the help of financial techniques, instruments and institutions. Fifth the intermediaries promote development investment.

THE ROLE OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE ON CAPITAL FORMATION (1980-2011)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background Of The Study

Almost all the economist laid emphasis on capital formation as the major determinant of economic growth. The meaning of capital formation is that society does not apply the whole of it’s current productive a immediate desire of consumption, but directs some part of it to the creation of capital goods, tools and instruments, machines and transport facilities, plants and equipments all the various forms of real capital that can so greatly increase the efficiency of productive effort. The essence of capital formation is to divert a portion of resources for the purpose of increasing the stock of capital goods so as to make possible for an expansion of consumable output in the future.

The research focuses attention on Nigerian Stock Exchange which as the most visible mirror of the formal capital market in the country. The Nigerian Stock Exchange is one of the institutions on the capital market, which specializes in all forms of marketing trading securities. It is a network of individual institution and instrument. The market plays a central and dispensable role for which is has been variously described         as  the  “hall  mark”  or  the

The rapid economic development of any economy depends, among other things, on ready access of adequate financial resources (Alile and Anao, 1990). The desire to develop financial market in an economy is intimately connected with the objective of accelerating industrial and agricultural development. 

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT A STUDY OF BWARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, F.C.T, NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background To The Study

The discriminatory practice in education which favored the male over the female was very unprogressive yet the government could not do anything to either stop or reverse it (Kema, 2003). The colonial government laid a very bad foundation for education generally and record that in Nigeria, the colonial government initially did not show any interest in educational development at all. The early efforts were made by the Christian missionaries who came to evangelize to the people.

In 1986, the federal ministry of education in Nigeria created a special unit, women’s education. This showed that unit the government. was beginning to respond to the urgent need for the development of women. This special right accorded to women in education suggests that apart from women benefitting from general education, there will be a measure of encouragement to them towards specialization in sciences, engineering, and technology. Another area were the federal government of Nigeria intensify in the establishment of mass literacy commission. The effort of government has been complimented by the non-governmental organizations, who in several ways, especially through the offer of scholarships, and grants to secondary and higher institution female students have greatly   promoted   women’s   empowerment.

Women empowerment is dated back to international women movement. Many women organizations worldwide set up credit and saving components as a way of both enabling women to increase their incomes, and coming together to address wider gender issues. The micro-credit summit programme is not only out to reach women but also to empower them.

Women empowerment is not a modern concept. Women all over the world including countries in the south have been challenging and changing many gender inequalities since the beginning of history. These struggles have not been supported by many men who have not been outraged at injustice against women.

Man is by nature an independent social being and cannot develop, actualize and objectify himself through labor in isolation from others and from the social environment (Mbah, 2005). Men have to interact with others to live well and to achieve more meaningful sustainable socio-economic development. The relationship between men and women has for a long time been marked by the sub-

HUMAN RESOURCES AS A CATALYST FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL)

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              INTRODUCTION

1.1              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria is a dynamic country that is blessed with abundant human and natural resources. The country has a publication of 140 million according to the 2006 census figures and high amongst the oil exporting countries.

Human resources is invariably the most important resources of Nigeria even when there are gigantic machines, sophisticated equipment and natural resources human resources still prevail. This therefore, calls for the need to adequately develop the human resources and then utilize human resources for the development of the Nigerian economy. The important of the human resource development in the Nigeria civil services as well as other organizations is unique and cannot be under=estimated.

This is because; human resources is easily recognized as the most important of the resource requirement for the production of goods and services. It is the master key to the rapid industrialization and socio-economic growth.

Nagga (2000) posited that a country that under-rates the critical roles and underplays the importance of people in goal achievement can neither be effective nor efficient. He stressed that, of all factors contributing to the growth and development of nation, the human resource is unquestionably the most crucial. This implied that we might have money. Highly sophisticated machine, high quality material and land with the most precious materials on it.