LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments. 

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC MILITANCY ON NIGERIA NATIONAL SECURITY, 1999-2015

2.1     Literature Review

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of ethnic militancy and its counter-measures, as well as current and past international  security  environments,  with  specific  reference  to Militancy, ethnic Militancy, global Militancy, and national security. The  main  point  of  departure  of  this  chapter  and  study  is  that  ethnic militancy  is  an  intricate phenomenon  which  has  occurred  in Nigeria  for  over three decades.  This  chapter  aims  to place ethnic Militancy in a conceptual framework and to analyse the links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  the  Nigerian  security  environment.  This  will  set the  tone  for  the  following  chapters  in  which  links  between  ethnic  Militancy  and  national security in Nigeria will be identified and analysed.

2.1.1 Ethnic Militancy

A  definitive  and  holistic  definition  of  Militancy  is  hard  to  achieve  in  the  contemporary world. One person’s definition of Militancy is sometimes another’s definition of a freedom fighter.  Martin  (2003)  argues  that  governments  have  developed  definitions  of Militancy;  individual  agencies  within  governments  have  adopted  definitions;  non-governmental  organisations  have  developed  their  definitions;  and  academic  experts have suggested and analysed definitional constructs.  

This  lack  of  accord,  which  exists  throughout  the  public  and  private  sectors,  is  an acknowledged  reality  in  the  study  of  political  violence.  Academics, such  as  Stern  and Gearson, who have developed definitions of, and viewpoints regarding, Militancy, have illustrated this discernible lack of concurrence. Stern (1997) defines Militancy as “an act or threat of violence against non-combatants with the objective of exacting revenge; intimidating, or otherwise influencing an audience”. Her definition avoids circumscribing a perpetrator or purpose. It allows for a range of possible actors (states or their deputies, international  groups,  or  a  single  individual),  pursuing  their  assumed  goals  (political, religious, or economic), and for murder for its own sake. Gearson, (2002) states  that  the  question  of  what  Militancy  is,  has  disappeared  into  an  academic  dead-end, never to return in a meaningful way for policy-makers or the public. The uncertainty over a suitable definition still exists within individual governments.