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Friday 5 January 2018

RELATIVE EFFECTS OF CONCEPT-MAPPING INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ON JUNIOR SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN OKE-OGUN, NIGERIA


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION



Background to the Study

In Nigeria and the world over, education is a means of achieving a nation’s objectives. Education may be viewed as involving the transmission of what is worthwhile from generation to generation; it is the various ways in which a society creates and utilises knowledge, including factual information and occupational skills as well as cultural norms and values, to its members.
Education is also a life-long process, which transforms the life of an individual from that of a helpless and dependent creature to a self-reliant, rational and skilful person who can contribute to the development of his society. It is the aggregate of all the means by which human beings develop the necessary skills, attitudes and values that are socially acceptable (Akinbote, 1988). It is a social institution that should be organized to improve social life and other social institutions, namely: politics, family, culture, economy and others. As the society is dynamic, and is constantly changing and growing, the changes must be reflected in the various social institutions.


Nigeria’s educational objectives have been geared towards self-realization, individual and national efficiency, effective citizenship, national consciousness, and national unity as well as towards social, cultural, economic, political, scientific and technological emancipation (FRN, 2004). Changes are most often effected through the educational system of the nation involving various reform programmes and curriculum development. Indeed, education is the vehicle for effecting any social change. It is a polyvalent agent for the transmission of appropriate values, norms, ideals and skills from generation to generation. It is also the most powerful instrument for developing and empowering members of the society to compete for survival (Azikiwe, 2007).Education is also globally recognised as the bedrock of individual and national development (Lawal, 2008).

RELATIVE EFFECTS OF CONCEPT-MAPPING INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ON JUNIOR SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN OKE-OGUN, NIGERIA



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION



Background to the Study

In Nigeria and the world over, education is a means of achieving a nation’s objectives. Education may be viewed as involving the transmission of what is worthwhile from generation to generation; it is the various ways in which a society creates and utilises knowledge, including factual information and occupational skills as well as cultural norms and values, to its members.
Education is also a life-long process, which transforms the life of an individual from that of a helpless and dependent creature to a self-reliant, rational and skilful person who can contribute to the development of his society. It is the aggregate of all the means by which human beings develop the necessary skills, attitudes and values that are socially acceptable (Akinbote, 1988). It is a social institution that should be organized to improve social life and other social institutions, namely: politics, family, culture, economy and others. As the society is dynamic, and is constantly changing and growing, the changes must be reflected in the various social institutions.


Nigeria’s educational objectives have been geared towards self-realization, individual and national efficiency, effective citizenship, national consciousness, and national unity as well as towards social, cultural, economic, political, scientific and technological emancipation (FRN, 2004). Changes are most often effected through the educational system of the nation involving various reform programmes and curriculum development. Indeed, education is the vehicle for effecting any social change. It is a polyvalent agent for the transmission of appropriate values, norms, ideals and skills from generation to generation. It is also the most powerful instrument for developing and empowering members of the society to compete for survival (Azikiwe, 2007).Education is also globally recognised as the bedrock of individual and national development (Lawal, 2008).

Thursday 4 January 2018

An Appraisal of Criminal Prosecution of Oil Companies under the Harmful Waste (Criminal Provision) Act 2004 of Nigeria






CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0      Introduction
Nigeria is one of the most populous nations in Africa and is rich in crude oil, however, it has experienced its own share of environmental problems.  Oil companies in their bid to explore and exploit oil have done more harm than good to the overall condition of the natural environment. This has resulted in need to regulate the activities of oil companies. One of such regulations brought about the promulgation of several laws like the Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions, etc.) Act, amongst others. This Act provides the legal framework for the effective control and management of the disposal of harmful waste into any environment within the confines of Nigeria.[1] In view of this, this study therefore seeks to appraise the impact and effectiveness of this law in regulating the criminal prosecution of oil companies in default of waste management regulations/legislations in Nigeria.

1.1      Background to the Study
Over the last 50 years, Nigeria has witnessed serious environmental degradation occasioned by harmful waste from oil exploration and exploitation, refining, transportation and product marketing. Oil exploration activities have extended from the Niger Delta Basin to the Lake Chad Basin in the north-eastern part of the country and the south-east Niger Delta.[2]
The Nigerian government has ordered oil companies operating in the country to comply with guidelines published by the DPR (Department of Petroleum Resources), the monitoring arm of the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), or risk criminal prosecution.[3] The 300-page guidelines provide rules to reduce environmental pollution, harmful waste and enforce procedures for environment monitoring. The DPR has also been tasked with conducting regular checks on overall environmental health and safety, with strict environment audits on the oil company’s activities.[4]

This environmental pollution audit is the focus of the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions, etc.) Act, which takes an all-encompassing outlook on pollution caused by improper waste management. This includes all waste management activities whether it relates to those affecting the water, (including fresh water and marine), land (including the underground and the topsoil) or the air (i.e. everything above the ground). It also looks other health hazards as it relates to the environment, affecting all living creatures, terrestrial, aquatic and the birds of the air.[5]