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Monday 26 September 2016

APPRAISAL OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN NIGERIA BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND BANK)




CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before the emergence of modern banking system, banking operation was manually done which lead to a slow down in settlement of transactions. This manual system involves posting transactions from one ledger to another which human handles. Figures or counting of money which should be done through computers or electronic machine were computed and counted manually which were not 100% accurate thereby resulting to human errors. Most bank then use only one computer in carrying out transactions which ameliorate the sluggish nature of banking transaction.
Nigeria do not embrace electronic banking early compared to developed countries. Nigeria adopted electronic banking system in the early 2000s.  During the introduction of electronic banking system, the use of raw cash was said to have bred corruption through the “cash and carry syndrome” usually linked with the swift movement of Ghana-must go” bags by some politicians. Such bags as some analyst say, are a major source of corrupt practices as dubious persons seeks to bribe their way to avoid been checked in some sensitive areas or places in a corrupt society.
Since electronic banking started in all Nigeria banks, it has been a woe for civil servants; checks show that some staff in establishments such as the national boundary commission for instance, are yet to receive their salaries for the previous months as efforts to electrically transfer salaries into their account have failed according to Ibrahim, D. (2009).

Friday 23 September 2016

ROLE OF SALES PROMOTION IN INCREASING REVENUE THE CASE STUDY OF THE TELEPHONY INDUSTRY IN KUMASI METROPOLIS






CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction

Sales promotion activities are a form of direct advertising designed to stimulate sales mainly by the use of incentives. To embark on any sales promotion, a sales promotion programme must first be developed. This is then pre-tested and then implemented. When the promotion ends the results are evaluated or assessed.

 
Sales promotion programmes are developed taking into consideration the size of the incentive to be used, condition for participation, how to promote and distribute the programme itself, the length or duration of promotion and sales promotion budget. Sales promotions are pre-tested on a limited basis in selected geographical areas. This is done to find out if the sales promotion tools are appropriate and of the right incentive size. Implementation of promotion is done by formulating plans to cover lead-time (time needed to prepare programme before launching it) and self off time (time from the launch to the end of a promotion).

 
Evaluation of sales promotion could be done by checking on dealers stock-levels or interviewing a sample of consumers in the target market. However, the most popular method of evaluation is to compare sales and or market share before, during and after a promotion. Sales promotion supports other sales efforts and thus plays an important role in the total promotion mix; hence it must be used well.

Wednesday 21 September 2016

DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT IN NIGERIA (1985 - 2011)





CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background of the Study

The Nigeria economy has witness a slow pace growth of less  5 percent in the decades. Various reasons have been advanced to this development but the most apparent have been poor investment climate in the economy and this has been attributed to the low available investable funds.

The stimulation of sustained economy growth requires a balance investment in physical and financial assets human and social capital as well as natural and environmental capitals.

Nigeria has been classified as low saving and even lower investment economy (Ajakaiye 2002) one of the principal objectives of the Nigerian government under the 1999 democratic dispensation is fostering of sustained economic growth. Over the years, the government has been in the driver’sseatingrowth the government economy. But lessons of experience have shown that government cannot regulate the economy effectively. A typical example has been the shift under the National economic empowerment and development strategy (NEEDS) which has recommended the need to restructure and deepen the financial system. Some economist like Mc Kinnon and Shaw (1973) said that rising investment alone is not sufficient enough to bring about growth and the role of financial institutions is very vital. In particular the new express of that the role of capacity fund is very critical to the success of any endeavor (World Bank 1998). In this regards, it is therefore important to investment the determinants to investment in economy in the past three decades.


IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON NIGERIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH (1981 –2010)



CHAPTER TWO


2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW



This chapter two of this work is divided into theoretical and empirical literature. Theoretical literature has the various economic theories is saying about government spending while the empirical literature tries to capture the opinion of the various contemporary research in the same subject matter.

2.1  THEORETICAL LITERATURE

Economic policy makers are divided as to whether government expenditure helps or hinders economic growth. JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES argues that government spending particularly increase government expenditure boosts economic growth by injecting purchasing power into the economy. The opposite view maintains that government consumption crowds out private investment, dampers economic stimulus in the short-run and reduces capital accumulation in the long-run. The nation and impact of government expenditure however, depends on its form. In (1994) outlines some important says in which government can increase growth. These include provision of public goods and infrastructures, social service and targeted intervention (such as export subsidies). On the other hand, government taxation may induce miscalculation of resources public goods may be provided inefficiently. The public sector may engage in excessive or unproductive expenditure and government indeed distortion may have disseminative effect.

Tuesday 20 September 2016

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL SEX WORK AMONG GIRLS (A STUDY OF YOUTHS IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)




CHAPTER ONE:
 INTRODUCTION
 
1.1              Background of the Study
Commercial sex is basically sex for money. It is not restricted to any culture, its global and it transcends all age barriers as some cases girls as young as eight years are involved. Commercial sex has evolved over the last two decades, (National Behaviour Survey 2004). According to the National Behaviour Survey (2004), commercial sex work has indeed become complex in different ways as there are male sex workers in Nigeria who have sex with men for commercial reasons and there is an organization0 that support them which based in Ibadan, Oyo state. Commercial sex has particularly taken a worrisome and indeed despicable turn on the continent through traffic human right and these have become major issues in West Africa (Human Right
Action, 1997). In recent time, commercial sex has become a lucrative business in  Nigeria especially among the youths (Ikpe, 2008).

Research has it that, 31% of sex workers are students particularly in Nigeria institutions (Onah, 2000). Onah (2000), is of the view that, there are different forms of sex workers, those that stay in the brothels, those that stand on the road side, those that operate from home etc.
Furthermore, sex work has now become an occupation especially for the girls in countries like Netherland, Brazil, Norway etc, sex work serves as one of the sources of revenue for government, hence, taxes are paid to the government (Aday, 1990). Aday further says that, sex workers face systematic discrimination throughout the world and are therefore, at risk of variety of abuses, these include police extortion, arbitrary detention and other. Violations of their human and labour rights which in some cases even amount to slavery.

BUDGETARY AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL PROCESS IN A MANUFACTURING: CASE OF GUINNESS NIGERIAN PLC.



CHAPTER ONE:
 INTRODUCTION



1.1 Background to the Study


Traditional budgeting has been criticized for a long time now for its inadequacy as a means of management control. Criticisms concerning its inadequate practices in a changing business environment emerged as early as the mid 1980’s with Johnson and Kaplan (1987) seminal book Relevance Lost.

We could also note from the work of Allen (1998) who stated that the rapid changes in today’s business environment renders a rigid approach to budgetary control obsolete. It is no longer helpful, in his opinion, to compare actual results to that forecasted anything up to 15 months previously. He argues that amongst the requirements of a more appropriate system, would be the building in of accountability to explain the differences between actual and planned performance. This demands a more immediate time frame of information reporting. Thus, there is a need to integrate strategic management and budgeting. We could point out the works of C. Adams et al (2003) to this regard.

These authors conceptualized that to be effective, budgets must be aligned with the organization’s strategies, appropriate strategic planning, and performance management processes introduced, and must involve processes that are value based, consequential and continuous.

The work of Tim Blumentritt (2006) could be viewed as further contributions to the above stand point as he recognizes the need for organizations to integrate strategic management and budgeting. What seems rather unfortunate according to Tim Blumentritt (2006) is the fact that most organizations still treat the budgeting and strategic management processes separately and also, a significant portion of small- and medium-sized enterprises do not engage in strategic planning (Tim Blumentritt 2006, p.74).

Hence, the reason for this research work which is to investigate the question; “what is the budgeting practice in Nigerian manufacturing company?” The motivation for this study also comes from the work of Herath and Indriani (2007) who investigated on the “roles of Budgetary Control System (BCS) as a component of the Management Control System (MCS) in creating and sustaining competitive advantage” and came up with a positive conclusion.

Friday 16 September 2016

THE EFFECTS OF TAX EVASION AND TAX AVOIDANCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA






 CHAPTER ONE
                                                                    INTRODUCTION

1.1.            BACK GROUND TO THE STUDY
The essence of economic development is to enable the citizens of a Country to be free from poverty. In Nigeria it is vital and necessary to create citizens’ freedom from poverty, corruption, poor governance, illiteracy, bad health etc. It means developing the economic wealth of Nigerians to improve the quality of life. Economic development is influenced by certain factors which include; natural Resources and proper utelisation, capital and Economic stability. These are all referred to as economic factors. Others are literary level of labour and physical amenities such as Roads, hospitals etc which are regarded as Social factors. Political factor which involve government is part of them. This is the policy framework and environment which makes it favourable for economic development. The policy framework and peaceful environment which include laws and implementation is a key function of government. To carry out this function, the finance of government needs to be strengthened. In Nigeria, the major source of government revenue is from crude oil. Unfortunately, the price of oil is experiencing a downward trend. In view of this, there is a need to strengthen revenue through taxation. Taxation is one of the most important sources of revenue to the government, from the point of view of certainty and consistency (Aguolu, 2004). Owing to the inherent power of the government to impose taxes, the government is assured at all time of its tax revenue no matter the circumstances. Most developed countries have gotten this foresight while Nigeria gives less attention to tax. A research showed that in 2005, the average tax revenue to GDP ratio in the developed world was approximately 35%. In the less developed countries, it was equal to 15%, and in the poorest of these countries, the group of low income countries, tax revenue was just 12% of GDP (Clemens & Nadine, 2009).  Taxation is An imposed contribution by government on her subjects and companies to enable her finance or run public utilities and perform other social responsibilities (Adebisi & Gbegi , 2013). 

Thursday 15 September 2016

CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO CONTROLLER BASED SECURITY DOOR USING SMART CARD





             CHAPTER ONE


                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background to the Study

Creation of secured access path to offices, homes, hotels, industries etc. has been a successful discovery of man. As a result of this, it has been possible to create door/gates that are well secured using smart card.

Individuals are becoming more aware of the dangers/ risk associated with relying on keys or padlocks to provide security to unauthorized areas of their apartments. Fraudsters/criminals can forge keys or make master keys that will be used to break into such rooms or offices. To eliminate this insecure and old fashioned method, the use of password in doors/gates mechanism evolved. The development of single secret authentication such as password is an effective security control.

A long pass-word of more than ten characters that consists of random letters, numbers and special character can be very difficult to crack. Unfortunately, users cannot always remember the sort of pass-word, partly due to fundamental human limitations.

However, most security guidance recommends at least eight character random password. Because most users cannot commit eight character random password to memory and many attempt to write it down on a piece of paper which can be misplaced or seen by another person, while some users tend to choose easy to remember passwords such as 123‘ or shortcoming of a single secret authentication, creation of two factor authentication evolved.


Wednesday 14 September 2016

MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL RECORDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OTUKPO EDUCATION ZONE




CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study

The school administrator has the responsibility of seeing to the smooth running of a school. The extent to which he succeeds in carrying out this responsibility depends on a number of factors and one of them has to do with the records that he is expected to keep. These records give a lot of information about the school that will enable him to take decisions and also assess the progress of the school. National policy on education requires that some of the records should be kept appropriately. FRN (2004) Different people such as the headmaster, the class teacher, and the local government education authority keep different records about the school.

School records are official documents, books and files containing essential and crucial information on actions and events which are kept and preserved in the school offices for utilization and retrieval of information when needed (Durosaro, 2002). Such records are kept by principals, teachers, counsellors are administrative staff. Some of the major school records include; students’ personal files, staff record book, the log book, visitors book and inventories book, among others. The purpose of record keeping and management is to ensure that accurate and proper records of students achievement and growth, information on school activities and matters that will promote efficiency and effectiveness of the school system are kept, among others.

According to Durosaro (2002), records are important tools for effective planning and administration of a school. School records occupy strategic position in the effective and efficient organization and administration of the school. It helps for effective planning and implementation of appropriate course of actions, thereby introducing proper monitoring of school activities tasks.


GLOBALIZATION AND NIGERIA'S FOREIGN POLICY: A STUDY OF PRESIDENT OBASANJO’S REGIME (1999-2007)




CHAPTER ONE
 
INTRODUCTION


1.1              Background to the Study

 The dawn of another civilian rule in May 1999 headed by President Olusegun Obasanjo witnessed a new trend in Nigerian foreign policy. Nigeria’s foreign policy had been shaped by several past events leading up to the period in consideration. The years in which the image of the country was battered by several regimes of military rule and disregard to creating environment and fostering policies to enable growth had caused damage to the country’s economy.

General Ibrahim Babangida came into power August 27 1985, this marked the beginning of a new era in Nigerian foreign policy, this rule however punctuated Nigeria’s external relations which has been established from the time of General Murtala Mohammed in 1975 through to the regime of General Muhammadu Buhari which came to end 1985 (Fawole 1990:1).

The General Ibrahim Babangida regime brought Nigeria to a pariah state, which can be traced to when the election which was claimed to be free and fair was cancelled. This action ruined the image and reputation of Nigeria in the world as it resulted in a chain of reactions from the international community.
 These reactions further led to a sharp decline in the image of the country. Subsequently, the international community (United States, Britain and other European Union member states) imposed sanctions of various degrees on Nigeria. (Awe, 1996:28)

Friday 9 September 2016

ANALYZING THE TECHNICAL AND ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY OF SMALL-SCALE MAIZE FARMERS IN TZANEEN MUNICIPALITY OF MOPANI DISTRICT: A COBB-DOUGLAS AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION APPROACH



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1 Background of the study

Agriculture plays an important role in uplifting the economy of South Africa. South

Africa is characterized by very prominent dualism in its agricultural production. On one hand, there is very well developed commercial agricultural sectors characterized by a relatively small number of producers (about 60 000 commercial farmers) owning 87% of the total agricultural areas and producing more than 95% of the marketed output. On the other hand, a subsistence or small-scale agricultural sector characterized by a very large number of producers, whose majority is settled in the communal areas, making up about 13% of the agricultural land area (Kirsten and Van Zyl, 1998 as cited by
Ngqangweni, 2000).


Various efforts to promote small-scale farming have been made in the past decade. It remains clear, however, that much more needs to be done to make a positive difference in terms of the political objective of an integrated agricultural sector. Integration will only happen when small-scale farmers fully participate in the market (Azan and Besley, 1991; Makhura, 2001).

GENDER AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN COCOYAM PRODUCTION





CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1:      Background Information

In Nigeria of about 140 million people, men constitute about 50.4% and women 49.6%(N.P.C, 2006).Both gender are responsible for producing the nation’s food and one of the major problems confronting mankind in recent times is food crisis (Ndukwu et al

2010).Gender has often been misunderstood as being about the promotion of women only, but it focuses on the relationship between men and women, their roles, access to and control over resources, division of labour and needs. Men and women are affected differently in their operation in factors like markets and socio-economics environments. Women are more constrained than their men counterparts in terms of access to credits, agricultural inputs, information technology and so on. Some crop production are even classified as men’s, like yam production, while others like sweet potatoes and cocoyam production are regarded as women’s especially in the southeastern Nigeria(Ndukwu et al 2010).Dimelu et al (2009) reported that women are involved in crop production generally and cocoyam production in particular.

Agriculture is the largest sector in the Nigeria economy, providing food, income and employment for sustainable livelihood of both the rural and urban population (CBN,2003). FGN(2001), Agriculture is the largest non oil export earner and largest employer of labour accounting for 88% of the non oil foreign exchange earnings and 70% of the active labour force of the population. Food crops constitute the largest component of the crops sub sector of Nigeria’s agriculture(CBN 2003).Roots tubers are major sources of dietary carbohydrates and provide food for over 60 million people in Nigeria(Abubakar,2003).Increase in the output of cassava, yam, potatoes as well as cocoyam will significantly increase the GDP of Nigeria(Anyanwu et al 2010). The contribution of the food crop sector of Nigerian Agriculture is significant and well documented in literature (Olomola, 2006).

Wednesday 7 September 2016

FAILURE OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED FIRMS IN ENUGU STATE).






             CHAPTER ONE


              INTRODUCTION


1.1              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY


Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of virtually all economies of the world because of their role in employment creation and provision of personalized services (Wattanapruttipaisan, 2003). SMEs have strong influence on the sustainable development process of less developed as much as developed countries because they foster economic growth and alleviate poverty (Ayyagari, Beck and Demirguc-Kunt, 2003). Udechukwu (2003) asserts that the development of SMEs is an essential element in the growth strategy of most economies and holds particular significance for developing countries like Nigeria.

 The best performing economies in Asia are heavily based on SMEs which are major sources of dynamism in economic development. The requirements for SMEs to access the global market and upgrade their position within the international market as a result of trade liberalization are becoming increasingly difficult due to competition (Abonyi, 2003). Berry (2002) suggests that the increasing prevalence of flexibility and specialization of SMEs has persuaded many business analysts to believe in the strategic role SMEs play in the industrial structure of any developing nation. But he noted that SMEs are quite vulnerable to external shocks due to the global competition from the liberalization of trade. There is reasonable assurance that given favorable policy environment, SMEs can successfully compete in the global market (Briggs, 2007).


Most governments, especially in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) now recognize the need to formulate policies that create conducive atmosphere for the establishment and operation of SMEs. The new emphasis by various governments in LDCs on SME development can be linked with the current global trend of economic liberalization and the need to bridge the development gap that hitherto exists between them and industrialized countries.

CAUSES AND PROBLEMS OF BROKEN PRE-MARITAL RELATIONSHIP AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH DISABILITY IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1  Background to the Study

A person can be considered disabled if he or she has a condition that affects the ability to function without assistance at a level needed to maintain his well-being (Purse, 1998). This shows that such a person with disability may not be able to perform things in a normal way, hence needs an adaptive aid to perform what others can do normally. Different societies have their own definitions of disability. By adding “dis” to the ability of some people due to their impairment, disability is the  idealist product of societal development within a specific cultural context (Priestley, 1998).

Definitions of disability have not been straightforward. Impairment, disability and handicap are commonly used as related terms. Lewis (1995) summarised the distinction:

“Impairment is a neutral term to mean the loss of structure or function (such as hearing loss).Disability is the impact of the impairment (for example, poor speech may be the result of a hearing loss). Handicap is the impact of the impairment or disability as a result of other` negative evaluation of it (for example poor speech becomes a handicap if it causes others to be patronising).”

This partially corresponds to World Health Organization’s definition of a disability which is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner of or within the range considered normal for a human being (Barnes, 2003).


 However, increasing number of people with disabilities argue that it is an inadequate definition of their experience. They reject the notions of “normal” for a human being, positing that some degree of impairment is normal for most human beings at some point in their lives and that the restrictions and deprivations experienced by disabled people actually arise from the assumption that they are outside the norm; that their lives should be organised and managed by institutions outside the mainstream until such time as they are able (through rehabilitation or cure) to regain an approximation of normality and, therefore, to have their needs catered for through mainstream provision once more (Hurst, 1995).

A person with disability is presented to people as a personal tragedy or impaired body. In general terms, disability is construed as an individual misfortune (Zammit, 2009). This make some people tend to avoid relating with such an individual. People have long neglected the need for intimacy and sex relationship with people living with disabilities. This makes it very difficult for disabled people to express their need for intimate relationship and finding a suitable life partner which is one of the most important things in life (Daily Health Reviews, 2008).

Tuesday 6 September 2016

CHAPTER TWO OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR COST MINIMIZATION AND PROFIT MAXIMIZATION



REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on extant literatures relating to the working capital management components of the enterprises, and how its components impact on business performance. The researcher critiques the relevant literatures for this study in terms of accounting and financial concepts. The literature review section has been arranged into two sections. The first section presents the theoretical review of working capital management while the second section reviews the empirical evidence pertaining to working capital management.

2.1            THEORETICAL REVIEW
2.1.1       OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
The traditional definition of Finance is the study of funds management and the directing of these funds in order to achieve its particular objectives. The unique objective of a good financial management is to maximise returns that associate with minimising of financial risks simultaneously. In Financial management it is critical to understand the business objectives and financial functions before recognising the major component that is the short-term financial management or the Working Capital Management relative to the day-to-day operations (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2010; Chandra, 2008; Keown, Martin, Petty, and Scott, 2002; D. Sharma, 2009).
Financial management is also concerned with the creation of economic wealth, maximising the share price for shareholders’ equity, planning and increasing its profitability and maximising the rate of returns on Equity. It is in the corporate environment that most of the finance literatures have been literately focused on the study of the long-term financial decisions making process (Chandra, 2008; Zietlow, Hankin, and Seidner, 2007).
Financial management in firms operate according to problems and opportunities. The owner/manager of a firm is primary relying on its trade credit policy, bank financing, personal financial contributions, operating financing and lease financing. The firms financing options are limited, but also have the same financial problems as those faced by large companies (Arnold, 2008; Gitman, 2009; Sagner, 2010; D. Sharma, 2009). One of the major financial issues facing firms is the deployment of current assets and current liabilities that are the critical elements of Net Working Capital Management (NWCM). The primary cause management of Working Capital internally amongst its components. 
 

Monday 5 September 2016

INFLUENCE OF MOBILE MARKETING ON CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR IN ORGANIZED INSTITUTIONS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA




  CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                      INTRODUCTION


1.1 Background to the Study

Advances in technology (especially information technology) and globalization have changed the way in which the world conducts business and are increasingly providing consumers with greater conveniences. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century led to a new economy, which was defined in terms of mass production of standardized products, mass distribution of these products to consumers and mass media vehicles to carry standardized advertising messages” (Godin, 1999). During this era, selling underwent a major transformation from personal one-to-one persuasion to mass advertising campaigns designed for the consumers (Solove, 2004). The same message was communicated to the consumers regardless of the difference in nature and characteristics of each consumer. Mass marketing yielded only short term sales and not loyal customers as these forced marketing firms to understand that consumers cannot be treated as a homogeneous group (Doinita, 2012). Marketers had to develop targeted marketing communications in order to build and maintain relationships with customers. Targeted marketing became truly successful when it was associated with direct marketing, “a database-driven interactive process of directly communicating with targeted customers or prospects using any medium to obtain a measurable response or transaction” (Spiller and Baier, 2010).

The advent of internet facilitated targeted marketing which made it possible to send messages to an individual’s email. This facilitated the emergence of email marketing. The advent of the internet provided marketers the opportunity to initiate and build relationships with their customers via the use of computer networks. However, marketers’ desire real time interaction with their customers and this increased the need for a mobile environment which provides the most dynamic, effective and personal medium for marketing communication (Yaniv, 2008).

The emergence of the mobile phone device as a means of instant communication has changed the way organizations interact with potential and existing customers (Grant and Donohoe 2007; Siau, Sheng and Nah 2005). In recent years, the rapid adoption of mobile phone and other mobile communication devices have created opportunities in the marketing and advertisingerena, by allowing companies to announce their products and services, develop customer relationships through direct personalized and interactive message response from customers (Sultan and Rohm, 2005).

Different reasons constitute the rise in the use of mobile devices. According to Grant and Donohoe (2007), the combination of video and audio contexts in one mobile device absolutely increased the usage of mobile devices, flexibility in communication and information sharing have become possible with improvements in mobile technology and integration of internet and computing into a mobile medium (Siau, Sheng and Nah 2005) and the possibility of reaching information anytime and anywhere triggered the improvements of mobile devices (Deans, 2005)