INVESTIGATING PROBLEM OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction   

A country's government shapes the business activities and environment in which companies operate. Government policies such as changes to regulations, taxation, interest rates and spending programmes therefore have a huge influence on business activities in Nigeria and even the rest of the world.

Public discourse today is saturated with the advocacy of various government policies.  It is common to hear of foreign policy, defence policy, economic policy, educational policy and policies in almost every area.  Business activities are in fact affected and influenced by policies made by governments.  Government has been variously defined by scholars, writers, authors based on their understanding, background, orientation etc..

(Eyieyere 2002) argues that the word “Government” refers to the whole machinery or system through which a country is ruled.  He maintains that such a system usually develop out of people’s historical, experience, culture, customs or common practice.  Sometimes, the term government is used to refer to a group of people who hold and wield the instrument of power with which a given country is ruled or governed as the case may be.

Jordan (1985), defines government as the management, direction and control of the public affairs of a given social group or unit.  It is further argued that government is at once a process, a structure and idea.

Invariably, as a process, government is the art of process of governing.  Then as a structure, it is viewed as an organization or institution.  Finally,  as an idea, government is perceived as an academic field of study or a discipline.

In another instance, government could mean a group of people that governs a community or unit.  The group is usually charged with responsibilities of setting and administering policies and exercising executive, political power through customs, institutions and laws. 

INVESTIGATING MOTIVATIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE NIGERIA PUBLIC SERVICE

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1            Conceptual Framework

Several management scholars have given several definitions of motivation. According to Middle Most and Hit (1981), motivation is the willful desire to direct one’s behaviour towards goals. The three key elements in this definition are willful desire, (person’s choice) behaviour and goal - directed purpose of behaviour.  Lakin Folajin (2001), spoke that motivation as term used generally when somebody is stimulated, the interest of a worker so as to be able to work and bring or breeds efficiency in his work. Robbins (2001) defines motivation as the forces that energizes, direct and sustains a person’s effort. Joena Agbato (1988) says motivation is an important determination of human behaviour, it sit that which moves one towards a goal, thus, motivation begat performance. Luthans (1998) motivation is a process which starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior at a drive that is aimed of a goal or incentive. Motivation is an art targeted to getting people work willingly, and an art of inducing one to behave in a particular manner to achieve a task.  Mee-Edoiye and Andawei (2002) viewed motivation as a human engineering approached being triggered by the individual needs. Flippo (1982) defined motivation as a psychological process initiate by the emergence of needs involving a good directed action and behaviour aimed at satisfying a particular desire. It is inducement given to workers for higher output. Motivation behaviour has three basic characteristics:- 

THE ROLE OF INTERNET IN PROMOTING THE EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANK

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the literature on the role of internet in promoting the efficiency in Nigeria commercial banks will be reviewed. Also included is the concept of Internet, theories of internet and empirical analysis of internet as  it has been the driving force behind the rapid change in the banking sector. 

2.2     Conceptual Issues

Internet is a global computer network, providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It is the automation of process, controls and information production using computers, telecommunication, software and ancillary equipment such as Automated Teller Machine and Debit Cards. It is a term that generally covers the harnessing of electronic technology for the information needs of a business at all levels.

Laudon D. and Laudon J. (2001), assert that internet deals with the physical devices and software that link various computer hardware components and transfer data from one physical location to another.

Harold and Jeff (1995), contend that financial service providers should modify their traditional operating practices to remain viable. They claimed that most significant shortcomings in the banking industry today is a wide spread failure on the part of senior management in banks to grasp the improvement of technology (internet service) and incorporate it into their strategic plans.

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Information Technology is the bedrock for national development in a rapidly changing global environment, and this challenges us to devise bold and courageous initiatives to address a host of vital socio-economic issues such as reliable infrastructure, skilled human resources, and other essential issues of capacity building. In addition, many business organizations have installed up-to date modern computers that will enable them achieve communication and multimedia connection on the Internet (Extranet and Intranet). As Gates (1995) put it, information Technology has already had a huge effect on business. But its greatest impact won’t be felt until the inside and outside a company are intimately integrated. The study here reveals that to achieve a successful and an effective communication, organizations need to be connected to information technology  such as their computers to the internet via the use of networks such as Local Area Networks (LANs) or Wide Area Networks (WANs), with this network put in place, staffs can work simultaneously on the same document either by sending or receiving emails internally, externally and from the rest of the world.

Aig-Imoukhuede, (2003), mentioned that to bring services closer to a customer and to guarantee the opportunity to use them anytime a customer wants, information technology phenomenon which has been the single most important change to business operations over the last twenty years has to be in place.  

However, paper based transactions are now being replaced by electronic-based transactions due to the information technology facility. 

THE IMPACT OF BANKING INDUSTRY ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Chapter two

                                              Literature Review

2.1. INTRODUCTION

The banking industry of any economy in the world plays a vital role in the development and growth of the economy. The development of this industry determines how it will be able to effectively and efficiently discharge its major role of mobilizing fund from the surplus sector to the deficit sector of the economy. Banking industry has helped in facilitating business transactions and economic development (Aderibigbe 2004). A well developed banking industry performs several critical functions to enhance the efficiency of intermediation by reducing information, transaction and monitoring costs. If a financial system is well developed, it will enhance investment by identifying and funding good business opportunities, mobilizes savings, enables the trading, hedging and diversification of risk and facilitates the exchange of goods and services. All these result in a more efficient allocation of resources, rapid accumulation of physical and human capital, and faster technological progress, which in turn results in economic growth.

The role of a banking industry in economic development is widely acknowledged in the literature. In particular, Schumpeter put the role of banking industry at the center of economic development. He argued that banking industry plays a pivotal role in economic development by affecting the allocation of savings, thereby improving productivity, technical change and the rate of economic growth. The adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986 has made many economies of the world to focus on the banking industry being the lubricant engine of growth that drives economy. 

THE IMPACT OF UNETHICAL BUSINESS PRACTICES ON THE NIGERIA MANUFACTURING SECTOR

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  

2.1.    Conceptual Framework

This chapter basically examines the contributions of some experts, practitioners and scholars toward the impact of unethical business practices and the promotion of ethical practices as a demand that must be met in order to have a cordial interlink between the manufacturers and the patronizers of goods and services.

Categorically, it evaluates the extent of effectiveness of their contributions in solving problems created by unethical practices. There is no doubt that these contributors have, from time to time, analyzed the importance, highlighting its laid down principles and the impact of its unethical practice, especially as it concerns the consumers.

 Unethical Business Conduct can negatively impact a business, by damaging the business credibility, brand, reputation and potentially causing significant loss of customers and potential business failure Abayomi (2006)

2.2.    Theoretical Framework 

This study is anchored on utilitarian ethical theory which is founded on the ability to predict the consequences of an action; the choice that yields the greatest benefits to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct Okunna (2002).

One benefits of this ethical theory is that the utilitarian can compare similar predicted solutions and use a point system to determine which choice is more beneficial for more people.

ASSESSMENT OF BRANDING AS A PROMOTIONAL TOOL FOR ACHIEVING MARKETING OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Concept of Branding

Branding represents one of the core marketing practices that emphasizes the continuity and connectedness of an organization with its external environment of which customers are important constituents Wilson, (2003). Through branding, organizations of different sizes are able to create, nurture and innovate their market- based assets. By creating market-based assets perceivable by the consumer, organizations are able to nurture perceived brand value and consumer brand equity, which in turn create profitability for the organization. Brand therefore, represents an important promotional tool or determinant both of the effectiveness and ability of the firm to link its internal and external environment successfully Kapferer (2008).

Today the primary capital of many businesses is their brands. For decades, the value of a company was measured in terms of its real estate, then tangible assets, plants and equipments. However it has recently been recognized that company’s real value lies outside business itself - in the minds of potential buyers or consumers. “A brand is both, tangible and intangible, practical and symbolic, visible and invisible under conditions that are economically viable for the company  Kapferer, (1986).  

ASSESSMENT OF STRATEGIC MARKETING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMPANY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.      Conceptual Framework

Strategic marketing is a method in which a firm attempts to reach its target audience. Strategic Marketing starts with market research, in which competitors’ products are assessed and it continues through into advertising, promotion, distribution and where applicable, customer servicing, packaging, sales and distribution. Strategy marketing must focus on delivering greater value to customers and the firm at a lower cost. However, quantifying the return on investment from marketing expenditure on activities such as advertising, promotion and distribution is one of the most complex issues facing decision makers.

Marketing performance is central to success in today’s fast moving competitive markets, and measuring marketing’s performance is critical to managing it affectively Ayuba (2009). In order to measure strategic marketing effectiveness, a business has to break down its marketing function into constituent parts, along with a mechanism through which to analyze the interaction between those parts. By doing this, decision makers will finally be in a position to relate marketing expenses to shareholders value and to understand how to tie marketing initiatives back into value.  Decision makers will be able to understand the internal motives that propel the marketing value of the business.

IMPACT OF PRIVATIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1              Conceptual Framework

This chapter presents a review of previous studies related to this present study. The chapter constitutes examination of studies related to privatization of public enterprises.  

Privatization can be defined as the transfer of ownership and control of enterprises from the state to the private sector. Iheme (2005) defines privatization as any of a variety of measures adopted by the government to expose a public enterprise to competition to bring in private ownership and control or management into a public enterprise and accordingly to reduce the usual weight of public ownership or control or management.

By section 14 of the Decree 25, privatization is the relinquishment of part or all the equity and other interest held by the federal government or its agency in enterprises whether wholly or partly owned by the federal government.

According to Ejimofe (2000), the term privatization means the transfer of power and functions from the public sector, through the government to the private sector. He further stated that privatization should lead to the general and financial independence of a company, without dependence on subsidies or grants from the government.

Orjih (2001) said that privatization is the relinquishing of part or all the equity and other interest held by the Federal government or its agencies in enterprises whether wholly or partly owned by the federal government. He went further to identify two forms of privatization as:

THE IMPACT OF SMUGGLING ON PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER TWO:

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Conceptual Framework

The low level and discrepancies of recorded intra-African trade flows have been noted for at least 30 years Berg 1985, Yeats (1990). This situation has continued or even expanded despite structural adjustment programs involving trade liberalization and extensive integration schemes aiming to promote formal integration.  There are some 30 regional blocs in Africa, and on average each of the 53 countries on the continent are members of 4 often–overlapping groups (Yang and Gupta (2009).  Yet official intra-African trade accounts for only about 10 per cent of total African exports and imports, far below other regions of the world Keane, Cali and Kennan (2010).  

Casual observation in the countries themselves, however, reveals that informal cross-border trade (ICBT) is thriving almost everywhere in Africa.  There have been numerous case studies of ICBT in the last two decades, most by sociologists, anthropologists and political scientists rather than economists.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

A study carried out by Lesser and Moisé- Leeman (2009) cover many border areas in Africa, including, among others: the Horn of Africa — Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Southern Africa — South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Congo etc. where smuggling is at its peak.   

IMPACT OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

The management interest in quality is not new but using quality as a key element in the battle for competitive advantage is of recent date. Surveys conducted by various organizations have revealed an increase in quality movements. These include the movement best known as Total Quality Management, this has been widely acknowledged as a major innovation in management theory. This chapter will help to bring more insight on the topic and its relationship with the management and the organization as a tool to the attainment of organizational goals and objectives. From this chapter also we will see the Impact Of Total Quality Management on organizational performance and the effect of adoption of continuous improvement of services in the organization to the attainment of corporate effectiveness.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

Total Quality Management is a management approach which is aimed at incorporating awareness of quality in all organizational processes.

Many organizations are striving for quality products and services that will meet or exceed customers’ expectation and as a result of this they are searching for approaches to managing people and production system that will assure the transformation of inputs into quality output.

Much research has been done with regards to the implementation of total quality management. Pheng and Jasmine (2004) pointed out that with the adoption of TQM, there is the benefits of higher customer satisfaction, better quality products and higher market shares. Customer satisfaction is one of the prime objectives of TQM and it is the most widely discussed approach to directing organizational efforts towards the goal of customer satisfaction.

APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE (MBO) IN ACHIEVING ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS IN ABUJA

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Conceptual framework

Management by objective is traceable to the period prior to the middle of this century but it was not until 1954 that it was well articulated and publicized by one of the world’s leading management thinkers in the person of Peter Drucker. Management by objective goes beyond setting annual objectives for organizational units to setting performance goals for individual employees (Stoner, 2000: 361). Management by objectives has become a great deal of discussion, evaluation and research and inspired many similar programs.

Management by objectives refers to a formal set of procedures that begins with goal setting and continues through performance review. Managers and those they supervise act together to set common goals. Each person’s major areas of responsibility are clearly defined in terms of measurable expected results or objectives, used by staff members in planning their work, and by both staff members and their managers for monitoring progress. Performance appraisals are conducted jointly on a continuing basis, with provisions for regular periodic reviews. The heart of management by objective is the objectives, which spell out the individual actions needed to fulfill the units functional strategy and annual objectives. 

Management by objectives provides a way to integrate and focus the efforts of all organization members on the goals of higher management and overall organizational strategy.

Another key to management by objective is its insistence on the active involvement of managers and staff members at every organizational level. Drucker (1979) insisted that managers and staff members sets their own objectives or at the very least, be actively involved in the objective setting process. Otherwise people might refuse to co-operate or make only half-hearted efforts to implement someone else’s objectives.

2.2     Theoretical framework

The father of modern corporate management Peter Drucker is often considered to be the world’s most influential corporate guru. His ideas and thoughts revolutionized corporate management in the later half of the 20th century.

Drucker (1979) began by identifying certain inherent structural variable in the work environment that are capable of misdirecting the efforts of management towards the realization of corporate goals.

FINANCING SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN THE F.C.T: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.0 Introduction

The research reviews literature and detailed discussion of what the definition of small scale enterprises, its characteristic, advantage and disadvantages. Problems of small scale business government incentives. Failure signs and causes of failure will be extensively in expounded in this chapter.        

2.1     Definition Of Small Scale Business

The definition of small scale enterprises varies across the nation and the level of development at a given period of time in practice, many standards have been adopted at various time to fit particular government assistance, programmes legislation or research studies thus, no univocal definition accepted. The institute for research studies centre for management science of Delf University, Netherlands, in 1996 defines small scale business as “any business in which the manager personally influence decision making without actually taking part in the production” following this definition small scale centre can be classified under three group first, handcraft and cottage industries which usually are establishments employing up to nine person, second, small scale industries which are establishment employing 10 – 19 persons. Third, medium scale industries which are establishment employing 2,80 persons or more.

Nicolas C. Siropohis (1977: 42) shows the generic term associated to the small scale business in a attempt towards a definition. He contends however with the fact that small scale business has no universal accepted, definition. Yet he provided a working considerable size. Capable of its total assets measuring the owner equity taken proper records of the yearly sales and limited number of its employees in Nigeria the industrial research centre at Ile Ife define a small scale business industry as one whose total assets in capital are less than employing fewer than so full – time workers this may be household, a college, a craft or a factory industry and may or may not use multi power.

The Cross river state government use the definition as given by the third national development plan “All the unit in Cross river state included in the industrial directory are within our definition of small scale industries (Cross River state of Nigeria official document No 5 of 1977) thus the definition of small scale industries is a capital investment not exceeding or service activity with equipment” The national Development plan (1975 – 1980) But the most current definition given by the federal government in 1996 budget by the minister of finance chief Anthony Ani defined small scale business as any business with annual turnover above N1 million”.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This aspect of  the  research  work  examines  available literature on the subject matter - literature on entrepreneurship will be reviewed. Also included is the concept of entrepreneurship, theories of entrepreneurship and empirical analysis of entrepreneurship in Nigeria and other countries of the world. 

2.2 Conceptual Framework

The term ‘entrepreneurship’ has been used in a business context for well over two centuries, the meaning has however, changed considerably over the years Morris et al, (1996). Definitions have varied based on the idea that the entrepreneur performs one economic function or the other, depending on the school of thought.

According to Gibb (1993) entrepreneurship is the process of seeking investment opportunities without regard to the resources at ones disposal. Ige (2007) sees entrepreneurship as a pre disposition towards the establishment and operation of business venture by any individual, either alone or along with others, including government for the sake of making profit or social surplus in order to accumulate wealth. Given the extent of literature and various definitions, this research study adopts the definition of entrepreneurship as the ability and willingness of an individual to identify business opportunities and gather all the necessary resources to pursue them, with a view to providing benefits for one and for others. 

BRANDING AS A MARKETING TOOL IN SALES PERFORMANCE: (A CASE STUDY OF DANGOTE CEMENT PLC)

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW  OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Today the primary capital of many businesses is their brands. For decades the value of a company was measured in terms of its real estate, then tangible assets, plants and equipments. However it has recently been recognized that company’s real value lies outside business itself - in the minds of potential buyers or consumers.

“A brand is both, tangible and intangible, practical and symbolic, visible and invisible under conditions that are economically viable for the company” (Kapferer, 1986).

Brands are built up by persistent difference ever the long run. They cannot be reduced just to a symbol on a product or a mere graphic and cosmetic exercise. A brand is the signature on a constantly renewed, creative process which yields various products. Products are introduced, they live and disappear, but brands endure. The consistency of this creative action is what gives a brand its meaning, its content, and its characters’: creating a brand requires time and identity.

The American Marketing Association defines the term ‘Brand’ as “A name, term, symbol or design, or a combination of them, which is intended to signify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.”

2.2. CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

Significant parameters in brand building literature have experienced a dramatic shift in the last decade. Branding and the role of brands, as traditionally understood, have been subject to constant review and redefinition. A traditional definition of a typical brand was: “the name, associated with one or more items in the product line, which is used to identify the source of character of the item(s)” (Kotler, 2000). The American Marketing Association’s (AMA) definition of a brand is “a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors”. Within this view, whenever an organization creates a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, it has created a brand, (Keller, 2003). He recognizes, however, that brands today are much more than that. As can be seen, according to these definitions brands had a simple and clear function as identifiers.  

POVERTY AND YOUTH RESTIVENESS IN NIGERIA AN EVALUTAION OF THE BOKO HARAM CRISIS

CHAPTER TWO:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction     

This review is precisely concerned with pre-existing views and perceptions of various scholars and academicians as regards their contributions to the subject matter “ Poverty and Youth Restiveness in Nigeria”.  It is as a result of this, that we will take two major variables into cognizance - these related variables are poverty and youth restiveness.

When talking about poverty, organizations often use different definitions. According to the World Bank organization; Poverty is defined relative to the standards of living in a society at a specific time. People live in poverty when they are denied an income sufficient for their needs Galloway, (2002).

What the World Bank organization is saying in essence is that poverty cannot be defined separately without taking the economic situation into keen consideration. When individuals or a greater number of citizens in a country cannot purchase their  basic needs (both material and non-material), then they can be referred to as wallowing in an abject poverty.

Restiveness among youth has become one of the global phenomenon and those in Nigeria has been on unprecedented increase. Since last decade and more, there has been a proliferation of unrivalled violence such as kidnapping, abduction and wanton destruction of valuable infrastructures as well as lives and properties.

 This negative development according to Ikpa (2013) is unfortunate and has become one of the challenges facing man in the present society.  It is commonly reported that poverty, unemployment and lack of access to education among others were responsible for this high level of restiveness orchestrated by youth s in the form of bombing mosques, churches, markets and killing of innocent people. The phenomenon of  restiveness has become one of the major concerns of the citizen in Nigeria and particularly Borno, Niger, Plateau, Kaduna, Kano and Yobe states respectively. Recently, more than 90 people were killed at Bin sheik, a town of few kilometres away from Maiduguri city. Similarly, 40 students were also reported to be killed in school of Agriculture Gujuba, Yobe state and more than 200 girls were reported to be abducted in Chibok, Borno State by Boko Haram. 

“IMPACT OF MANPOWER PLANNING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (A CASE STUDY OF SEVEN UP BOTTLING COMPANY, IDU YARD ABUJA.)”

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Concept Of Manpower Planning

The purpose of this study is to examine how manpower planning would be an effective tool for organizational performance. A number of investigations and studies have been made on manpower planning ; such investigations and studies provide a framework for further investigation and leading to the ultimate development of existing ideas.

Manpower planning is one of the crucial aspects of human resource management because it helps to ensure the needed manpower for organizational performance and goal. Due to the globalization movement, the competition to provide quality and low cost products has been increasing day by day. In this situation, the Human Resource department has to plan in order to provide the quality manpower to compete in the market. The supply of manpower must be sufficient to ensure the healthy operation of the organization. Otherwise, the stated goals and objectives cannot be accomplished on time.

Manpower Planning ensures that organization has right number and kind of people, at right place, and at right time capable of performing well in the organization.

Manpower often used interchangeably with “human resources” according to Anyanwu et al (1997) refers to the “totality of the energies, skills, knowledge and experience available in a country. It is the managerial, scientific, engineering, technical, craftsmen and other skills which are employed in creating, designing, developing, managing and operating productive and service enterprises and economic institutions (Yesufu, 1962). Agabi and Ogah (2010) posit that manpower is the bulk of labour available for any particular kind of work. In a more specific term, “it is the bulk of human beings with the relevant skills, energies, talents, knowledge and attitudes that can be committed towards the production of goods and services (Gbosi, 2003). In Gbosi’s view, human beings are not described as manpower or human resources except in that they can be put to some economic use as a resource that in turn can be used for wealth generation or for the facilitation of increases in wealth. Flowing from the above discuss, it can be asserted that manpower (human resources) are a nation’s most valuable resources without which other resources will not give rise to rapid economic growth.

THE IMPACT OF E-BANKING ON CUSTOMER SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA BANKING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER TWO

                     REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a review of previous studies related to the present study. The chapter constitutes examination of studies related to service delivery and customer satisfaction in e-banking. It also examines the relationship between customer satisfaction, customer retention and service delivery. The chapter also outlines the Electronic banking services available in the Nigeria Commercial Banks.

2.1     THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This research work is anchored on the theories of Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), formulated by Everett M. Rogers in 1962.  It is the pioneering theory that laid down the primary foundation for the future of innovation diffusion research (Rogers, 1962). It was grounded in theories of economics, sociology and communication and a synthesis of adoption-diffusion literature across disciplines, IDT for short identified five characteristics of an innovation that influences its adoption: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trial ability, and observability.

 Relative advantage: (RA) refers to an individual‘s belief that E-banking is better than traditional ways of banking and can be related to

diverse economical, social, convenience and satisfaction dimensions of E-banking (e.g. convenience in the form of freedom from time and place constraints, efficient management of finance, a better overview of banking matters, and the speed of conducting banking activities). 

APPROVED TOPIC: THE ROLE OF MICRO FINANCE BANK IN ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG WOMEN IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1  Introduction

The body of literature on women empowerment and micro-finance is growing. In order to place this study in a proper context, some of the existing literature would be reviewed. The literature review is conducted under different captions such as the definition of microfinance sections, overview of the microfinance sector, the stakeholders of the microfinance sector in Nigeria, the role of microfinance on the entrepreneurial empowerment of women.

2.2  Definition and Scope of Microfinance

Micro-finance is the provision of a broad range of financial services such as credit and savings to poor and low-income household and their micro enterprises Rhyne, (2003). Microfinance refers to a variety of financial services that target low-income clients, particularly women. Since the clients of microfinance institutions (MFIs) have lower incomes and often have limited access to other financial services, microfinance products tend to be for smaller monetary amounts than traditional financial services. These services include loans, savings, insurance, and remittances. Micro loans are given for a variety of purposes, frequently for microenterprise development.

The diversity of products and services offered reflects the fact that the financial needs of individuals, households, and enterprises can change significantly over time, especially for those who live in poverty. Because of these varied needs, and because of the industry's focus on the poor, microfinance institutions often use non-traditional methodologies, such as group lending or other forms of collateral not employed by the formal sector.